Machine translation (English Wikipedia)

Kocmi, Tom; Avramidis, Eleftherios; Bawden, Rachel; Bojar, Ondřej; Dvorkovich, Anton; Federmann, Christian; Fishel, Mark; Freitag, Markus; Gowda, Thamme; Grundkiewicz, Roman; Haddow, Barry; Koehn, Philipp; Marie, Benjamin; Monz, Christof; Morishita, Makoto (2023). Koehn, Philipp; Haddow, Barry; Kocmi, Tom; Monz, Christof (eds.). Findings of the 2023 Conference on Machine Translation (WMT23): LLMs Are Here but Not Quite There Yet. Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Machine Translation. Singapore: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 1–42. doi:10.18653/v1/2023.wmt-1.1.

aclweb.org (Global: low place; English: 6,793^rd place)

Hermajakob, U., Knight, K., & Hal, D. (2008). Name Translation in Statistical Machine Translation Learning When to Transliterate Archived 4 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Association for Computational Linguistics. 389–397.

amodern.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

DuPont, Quinn (January 2018). "The Cryptological Origins of Machine Translation: From al-Kindi to Weaver". Amodern. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.

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Booth, Andrew D. (1 May 1953). "MECHANICAL TRANSLATION". Computers and Automation 1953-05: Vol 2 Iss 4. Berkeley Enterprises. p. 6.

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Wooten, Adam (14 February 2006). "A Simple Model Outlining Translation Technology". T&I Business. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

Nakov, Preslav; Ng, Hwee Tou (2012). "Improving Statistical Machine Translation for a Resource-Poor Language Using Related Resource-Rich Languages". Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. 44: 179–222. arXiv:1401.6876. doi:10.1613/jair.3540.
Yvette, Graham; Barry, Haddow; Koehn, Philipp (2019). "Translationese in Machine Translation Evaluation". arXiv:1906.09833 [cs.CL].
Hendy, Amr; Abdelrehim, Mohamed; Sharaf, Amr; Raunak, Vikas; Gabr, Mohamed; Matsushita, Hitokazu; Kim, Young Jin; Afify, Mohamed; Awadalla, Hany (18 February 2023). "How Good Are GPT Models at Machine Translation? A Comprehensive Evaluation". arXiv:2302.09210 [cs.CL].
Thai, Katherine; Karpinska, Marzena; Krishna, Kalpesh; Ray, Bill; Inghilleri, Moira; Wieting, John; Iyyer, Mohit (25 October 2022). "Exploring Document-Level Literary Machine Translation with Parallel Paragraphs from World Literature". arXiv:2210.14250 [cs.CL].

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Melby, Alan. The Possibility of Language (Amsterdam:Benjamins, 1995, 27–41). Benjamins.com. 1995. ISBN 978-90-272-1614-4. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2012.

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"Warren Weaver, American mathematician". 13 July 2020. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.

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Abadi, Mark. "4 times Google Translate totally dropped the ball". Business Insider.

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Young-sil, Yoon (26 June 2023). "Korean Games Growing in Popularity in Tough Japanese Game Market". BusinessKorea. Retrieved 8 August 2023.

cam.ac.uk (Global: 670^th place; English: 480^th place)

cl.cam.ac.uk

Babych, Bogdan; Hartley, Anthony (2003). Improving Machine Translation Quality with Automatic Named Entity Recognition (PDF). Paper presented at the 7th International EAMT Workshop on MT and Other Language Technology Tools... Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2006. Retrieved 4 November 2013.

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Randhawa, Gurdeeshpal; Ferreyra, Mariella; Ahmed, Rukhsana; Ezzat, Omar; Pottie, Kevin (April 2013). "Using machine translation in clinical practice". Canadian Family Physician. 59 (4): 382–383. PMC 3625087. PMID 23585608. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.

cnet.com (Global: 272^nd place; English: 225^th place)

Whitney, Lance. "Google Translate app update said to make speech-to-text even easier". CNET. Retrieved 9 January 2023.

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ourworld.compuserve.com

Milestones in machine translation – No.6: Bar-Hillel and the nonfeasibility of FAHQT Archived 12 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine by John Hutchins

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Barron, Brenda (18 November 2019). "Babel Fish: What Happened To The Original Translation Application?: We Investigate". Digital.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Naveen, Palanichamy; Trojovský, Pavel (18 October 2024). "Overview and challenges of machine translation for contextually appropriate translations". iScience. 27 (10) 110878. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110878. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 11465115.
J. Hutchins (2000). "Warren Weaver and the launching of MT". Early Years in Machine Translation (PDF). Studies in the History of the Language Sciences. Vol. 97. p. 17. doi:10.1075/sihols.97.05hut. ISBN 978-90-272-4586-1. S2CID 163460375. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2020 – via Semantic Scholar.
Nakov, Preslav; Ng, Hwee Tou (2012). "Improving Statistical Machine Translation for a Resource-Poor Language Using Related Resource-Rich Languages". Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. 44: 179–222. arXiv:1401.6876. doi:10.1613/jair.3540.
Katsnelson, Alla (29 August 2022). "Poor English skills? New AIs help researchers to write better". Nature. 609 (7925): 208–209. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..208K. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02767-9. PMID 36038730. S2CID 251931306.
Kocmi, Tom; Avramidis, Eleftherios; Bawden, Rachel; Bojar, Ondřej; Dvorkovich, Anton; Federmann, Christian; Fishel, Mark; Freitag, Markus; Gowda, Thamme; Grundkiewicz, Roman; Haddow, Barry; Koehn, Philipp; Marie, Benjamin; Monz, Christof; Morishita, Makoto (2023). Koehn, Philipp; Haddow, Barry; Kocmi, Tom; Monz, Christof (eds.). Findings of the 2023 Conference on Machine Translation (WMT23): LLMs Are Here but Not Quite There Yet. Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Machine Translation. Singapore: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 1–42. doi:10.18653/v1/2023.wmt-1.1.
Al Rousan, Rafat; Jaradat, Raghad; Malkawi, Mona (31 December 2025). "ChatGPT translation vs. human translation: an examination of a literary text". Cogent Social Sciences. 11 (1) 2472916. doi:10.1080/23311886.2025.2472916.
Vieira, Lucas Nunes; O'Hagan, Minako; O'Sullivan, Carol (18 August 2021). "Understanding the societal impacts of machine translation: a critical review of the literature on medical and legal use cases". Information, Communication & Society. 24 (11): 1515–1532. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1776370. hdl:1983/29727bd1-a1ae-4600-9e8e-018f11ec75fb. ISSN 1369-118X. S2CID 225694304.
Khoong, Elaine C.; Steinbrook, Eric; Brown, Cortlyn; Fernandez, Alicia (1 April 2019). "Assessing the Use of Google Translate for Spanish and Chinese Translations of Emergency Department Discharge Instructions". JAMA Internal Medicine. 179 (4): 580–582. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.7653. ISSN 2168-6106. PMC 6450297. PMID 30801626.
Piccoli, Vanessa (5 July 2022). "Plurilingualism, multimodality and machine translation in medical consultations: A case study". Translation and Interpreting Studies. 17 (1): 42–65. doi:10.1075/tis.21012.pic. ISSN 1932-2798. S2CID 246780731.
Herrera-Espejel, Paula Sofia; Rach, Stefan (20 November 2023). "The Use of Machine Translation for Outreach and Health Communication in Epidemiology and Public Health: Scoping Review". JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 9 e50814. doi:10.2196/50814. ISSN 2369-2960. PMC 10696499. PMID 37983078.
Gutherz, Gai; Gordin, Shai; Sáenz, Luis; Levy, Omer; Berant, Jonathan (2 May 2023). Kearns, Michael (ed.). "Translating Akkadian to English with neural machine translation". PNAS Nexus. 2 (5) pgad096. doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad096. ISSN 2752-6542. PMC 10153418. PMID 37143863.
Way, Andy; Nano Gough (20 September 2005). "Comparing Example-Based and Statistical Machine Translation". Natural Language Engineering. 11 (3): 295–309. doi:10.1017/S1351324905003888. S2CID 3242163.

dowobeha.github.io (Global: low place; English: low place)

Schwartz, Lane (2008). Multi-Source Translation Methods (PDF). Paper presented at the 8th Biennial Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2017.

dw.com (Global: 204^th place; English: 353^rd place)

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homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk

Cohn, Trevor; Lapata, Mirella (2007). Machine Translation by Triangulation: Making Effective Use of Multi-Parallel Corpora (PDF). Paper presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, June 23–30, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

ec.europa.eu

"Machine Translation Service". 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.

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Jackson, William (9 September 2003). "GCN – Air force wants to build a universal translator". Gcn.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2012.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Vieira, Lucas Nunes; O'Hagan, Minako; O'Sullivan, Carol (18 August 2021). "Understanding the societal impacts of machine translation: a critical review of the literature on medical and legal use cases". Information, Communication & Society. 24 (11): 1515–1532. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1776370. hdl:1983/29727bd1-a1ae-4600-9e8e-018f11ec75fb. ISSN 1369-118X. S2CID 225694304.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Katsnelson, Alla (29 August 2022). "Poor English skills? New AIs help researchers to write better". Nature. 609 (7925): 208–209. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..208K. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02767-9. PMID 36038730. S2CID 251931306.

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"Google Translate Gets a Deep-Learning Upgrade". IEEE Spectrum. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2024.

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"機械翻訳専用機「やまと」-コンピュータ博物館". Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

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nlab.itmedia.co.jp

"回数を重ねるほど狂っていく Google翻訳で「えぐ」を英訳すると奇妙な世界に迷い込むと話題に". ねとらぼ. 16 April 2017.

jair.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Nakov, Preslav; Ng, Hwee Tou (2012). "Improving Statistical Machine Translation for a Resource-Poor Language Using Related Resource-Rich Languages". Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. 44: 179–222. arXiv:1401.6876. doi:10.1613/jair.3540.

jbe-platform.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Piccoli, Vanessa (5 July 2022). "Plurilingualism, multimodality and machine translation in medical consultations: A case study". Translation and Interpreting Studies. 17 (1): 42–65. doi:10.1075/tis.21012.pic. ISSN 1932-2798. S2CID 246780731.

languageandlaw.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Alghathian, Ghazi Ayed; Jarrah, Mashal Mufleh (5 April 2025). "A Comparative Study of Accuracy in Human vs. AI Translation of Legal Documents into Arabic". International Journal of Language & Law (JLL). 14: 63–80. ISSN 2194-7414.

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mt-archive.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bar-Hillel (1960), "Automatic Translation of Languages". Available online at http://www.mt-archive.info/Bar-Hillel-1960.pdf Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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Muegge (2006), "Fully Automatic High Quality Machine Translation of Restricted Text: A Case Study Archived 17 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine," in Translating and the computer 28. Proceedings of the twenty-eighth international conference on translating and the computer, 16–17 November 2006, London, London: Aslib. ISBN 978-0-85142-483-5.

nap.edu (Global: 2,128^th place; English: 1,553^rd place)

Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee, Division of Behavioral Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council (1966). Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics (PDF) (Report). Washington, D. C.: National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Naveen, Palanichamy; Trojovský, Pavel (18 October 2024). "Overview and challenges of machine translation for contextually appropriate translations". iScience. 27 (10) 110878. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110878. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 11465115.
Randhawa, Gurdeeshpal; Ferreyra, Mariella; Ahmed, Rukhsana; Ezzat, Omar; Pottie, Kevin (April 2013). "Using machine translation in clinical practice". Canadian Family Physician. 59 (4): 382–383. PMC 3625087. PMID 23585608. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
Khoong, Elaine C.; Steinbrook, Eric; Brown, Cortlyn; Fernandez, Alicia (1 April 2019). "Assessing the Use of Google Translate for Spanish and Chinese Translations of Emergency Department Discharge Instructions". JAMA Internal Medicine. 179 (4): 580–582. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.7653. ISSN 2168-6106. PMC 6450297. PMID 30801626.
Herrera-Espejel, Paula Sofia; Rach, Stefan (20 November 2023). "The Use of Machine Translation for Outreach and Health Communication in Epidemiology and Public Health: Scoping Review". JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 9 e50814. doi:10.2196/50814. ISSN 2369-2960. PMC 10696499. PMID 37983078.
Gutherz, Gai; Gordin, Shai; Sáenz, Luis; Levy, Omer; Berant, Jonathan (2 May 2023). Kearns, Michael (ed.). "Translating Akkadian to English with neural machine translation". PNAS Nexus. 2 (5) pgad096. doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad096. ISSN 2752-6542. PMC 10153418. PMID 37143863.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Katsnelson, Alla (29 August 2022). "Poor English skills? New AIs help researchers to write better". Nature. 609 (7925): 208–209. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..208K. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02767-9. PMID 36038730. S2CID 251931306.
Randhawa, Gurdeeshpal; Ferreyra, Mariella; Ahmed, Rukhsana; Ezzat, Omar; Pottie, Kevin (April 2013). "Using machine translation in clinical practice". Canadian Family Physician. 59 (4): 382–383. PMC 3625087. PMID 23585608. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
Khoong, Elaine C.; Steinbrook, Eric; Brown, Cortlyn; Fernandez, Alicia (1 April 2019). "Assessing the Use of Google Translate for Spanish and Chinese Translations of Emergency Department Discharge Instructions". JAMA Internal Medicine. 179 (4): 580–582. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.7653. ISSN 2168-6106. PMC 6450297. PMID 30801626.
Herrera-Espejel, Paula Sofia; Rach, Stefan (20 November 2023). "The Use of Machine Translation for Outreach and Health Communication in Epidemiology and Public Health: Scoping Review". JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 9 e50814. doi:10.2196/50814. ISSN 2369-2960. PMC 10696499. PMID 37983078.
Gutherz, Gai; Gordin, Shai; Sáenz, Luis; Levy, Omer; Berant, Jonathan (2 May 2023). Kearns, Michael (ed.). "Translating Akkadian to English with neural machine translation". PNAS Nexus. 2 (5) pgad096. doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad096. ISSN 2752-6542. PMC 10153418. PMID 37143863.

nist.gov (Global: 355^th place; English: 454^th place)

See the annually performed NIST tests since 2001 Archived 22 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine and Bilingual Evaluation Understudy

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Wolfgang Saxon (28 July 1995). "David G. Hays, 66, a Developer Of Language Study by Computer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020. wrote about computer-assisted language processing as early as 1957.. was project leader on computational linguistics at Rand from 1955 to 1968.

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academic.oup.com

Gutherz, Gai; Gordin, Shai; Sáenz, Luis; Levy, Omer; Berant, Jonathan (2 May 2023). Kearns, Michael (ed.). "Translating Akkadian to English with neural machine translation". PNAS Nexus. 2 (5) pgad096. doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad096. ISSN 2752-6542. PMC 10153418. PMID 37143863.

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Naveen, Palanichamy; Trojovský, Pavel (18 October 2024). "Overview and challenges of machine translation for contextually appropriate translations". iScience. 27 (10) 110878. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110878. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 11465115.

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semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

J. Hutchins (2000). "Warren Weaver and the launching of MT". Early Years in Machine Translation (PDF). Studies in the History of the Language Sciences. Vol. 97. p. 17. doi:10.1075/sihols.97.05hut. ISBN 978-90-272-4586-1. S2CID 163460375. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2020 – via Semantic Scholar.
Katsnelson, Alla (29 August 2022). "Poor English skills? New AIs help researchers to write better". Nature. 609 (7925): 208–209. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..208K. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02767-9. PMID 36038730. S2CID 251931306.
Vieira, Lucas Nunes; O'Hagan, Minako; O'Sullivan, Carol (18 August 2021). "Understanding the societal impacts of machine translation: a critical review of the literature on medical and legal use cases". Information, Communication & Society. 24 (11): 1515–1532. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1776370. hdl:1983/29727bd1-a1ae-4600-9e8e-018f11ec75fb. ISSN 1369-118X. S2CID 225694304.
Piccoli, Vanessa (5 July 2022). "Plurilingualism, multimodality and machine translation in medical consultations: A case study". Translation and Interpreting Studies. 17 (1): 42–65. doi:10.1075/tis.21012.pic. ISSN 1932-2798. S2CID 246780731.
Way, Andy; Nano Gough (20 September 2005). "Comparing Example-Based and Statistical Machine Translation". Natural Language Engineering. 11 (3): 295–309. doi:10.1017/S1351324905003888. S2CID 3242163.

pdfs.semanticscholar.org

J. Hutchins (2000). "Warren Weaver and the launching of MT". Early Years in Machine Translation (PDF). Studies in the History of the Language Sciences. Vol. 97. p. 17. doi:10.1075/sihols.97.05hut. ISBN 978-90-272-4586-1. S2CID 163460375. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2020 – via Semantic Scholar.

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repository.upenn.edu

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Magdalena Cieślak. "THE SCOPE AND LIMITS OF MACHINE TRANSLATION". ojs.letras.up.pt. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
DuPont, Quinn (January 2018). "The Cryptological Origins of Machine Translation: From al-Kindi to Weaver". Amodern. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
J. Hutchins (2000). "Warren Weaver and the launching of MT". Early Years in Machine Translation (PDF). Studies in the History of the Language Sciences. Vol. 97. p. 17. doi:10.1075/sihols.97.05hut. ISBN 978-90-272-4586-1. S2CID 163460375. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2020 – via Semantic Scholar.
"Warren Weaver, American mathematician". 13 July 2020. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
"機械翻訳専用機「やまと」-コンピュータ博物館". Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
Nye, Mary Jo (2016). "Speaking in Tongues: Science's centuries-long hunt for a common language". Distillations. 2 (1): 40–43. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
Wolfgang Saxon (28 July 1995). "David G. Hays, 66, a Developer Of Language Study by Computer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020. wrote about computer-assisted language processing as early as 1957.. was project leader on computational linguistics at Rand from 1955 to 1968.
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wikimedia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

meta.wikimedia.org

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wikimediafoundation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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wikipedia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ja.wikipedia.org

上野, 俊夫 (13 August 1986). パーソナルコンピュータによる機械翻訳プログラムの制作 (in Japanese). Tokyo: (株)ラッセル社. p. 16. ISBN 4-947627-00-X. わが国では1956年、当時の電気試験所が英和翻訳専用機「ヤマト」を実験している。この機械は1962年頃には中学1年の教科書で90点以上の能力に達したと報告されている。(translation (assisted by Google Translate): In 1959 Japan, the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST) tested the proper English-Japanese translation machine Yamato, which reported in 1964 as that reached the power level over the score of 90-point on the textbook of first grade of junior hi-school.)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Naveen, Palanichamy; Trojovský, Pavel (18 October 2024). "Overview and challenges of machine translation for contextually appropriate translations". iScience. 27 (10) 110878. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110878. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 11465115.
Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Alghathian, Ghazi Ayed; Jarrah, Mashal Mufleh (5 April 2025). "A Comparative Study of Accuracy in Human vs. AI Translation of Legal Documents into Arabic". International Journal of Language & Law (JLL). 14: 63–80. ISSN 2194-7414.
Costa-jussà, Marta R.; Rapp, Reinhard; Lambert, Patrik; Eberle, Kurt; Banchs, Rafael E.; Babych, Bogdan (21 July 2016). Hybrid approaches to machine translation. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-21310-1. OCLC 953581497.
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