Metalloid (English Wikipedia)

Sample prices of gold, in comparison, start at roughly thirty-five times that of silver. Based on sample prices for B, C, Al, Si, Ge, As, Se, Ag, Sb, Te, and Au available on-line from Alfa Aesa; Goodfellow; Metallium; and United Nuclear Scientific.

army.mil

Crow 2011; Mainiero 2014 Crow JM 2011, 'Boron Carbide Could Light Way to Less-toxic Green Pyrotechnics', Nature News, 8 April, doi:10.1038/news.2011.222 Mainiero C,2014, 'Picatinny chemist wins Young Scientist Award for work on smoke grenades', U.S. Army, Picatinny Public Affairs, 2 April, viewed 9 June 2017

arquivo.pt

Guan et al. 2012; WPI-AIM 2012 Guan PF, Fujita T, Hirata A, Liu YH & Chen MW 2012, 'Structural Origins of the Excellent Glass-forming Ability of Pd₄₀Ni₄₀P₂₀', Physical Review Letters, vol. 108, no. 17, pp. 175501–1–5, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.175501 WPI-AIM (World Premier Institute – Advanced Institute for Materials Research) 2012, 'Bulk Metallic Glasses: An Unexpected Hybrid', AIMResearch, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 30 April

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Wiberg 2001, p. 282 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Considine & Considine 1984, p. 568; Cegielski 1998, p. 147; The American heritage science dictionary 2005, p. 397 Considine DM & Considine GD (eds) 1984, 'Metalloid', in Van Nostrand Reinhold Encyclopedia of Chemistry, 4th ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, ISBN 0-442-22572-5 Cegielski C 1998, Yearbook of Science and the Future, Encyclopædia Britannica, Chicago, ISBN 0-85229-657-6 The American Heritage Science Dictionary 2005, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, ISBN 0-618-45504-3
Van Setten et al. 2007, pp. 2460–61; Russell & Lee 2005, p. 7 (Si, Ge); Pearson 1972, p. 264 (As, Sb, Te; also black P) Van Setten MJ, Uijttewaal MA, de Wijs GA & Groot RA 2007, 'Thermodynamic Stability of Boron: The Role of Defects and Zero Point Motion', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 129, no. 9, pp. 2458–65, doi:10.1021/ja0631246 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X Pearson WB 1972, The Crystal Chemistry and Physics of Metals and Alloys, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-67540-7
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Hill & Holman 2000, p. 160. They characterise metalloids (in part) on the basis that they are "poor conductors of electricity with atomic conductance usually less than 10⁻³ but greater than 10⁻⁵ ohm⁻¹ cm⁻⁴". Hill G & Holman J 2000, Chemistry in Context, 5th ed., Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, ISBN 0-17-448307-4
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Rao 2002, p. 552; Löffler, Kündig & Dalla Torre 2007, p. 17–11 Rao KY 2002, Structural Chemistry of Glasses, Elsevier, Oxford, ISBN 0-08-043958-6 Löffler JF, Kündig AA & Dalla Torre FH 2007, 'Rapid Solidification and Bulk Metallic Glasses—Processing and Properties,' in JR Groza, JF Shackelford, EJ Lavernia EJ & MT Powers (eds), Materials Processing Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 17–1–44, ISBN 0-8493-3216-8
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Slade 2006, p. 16 Slade S 2006, Elements and the Periodic Table, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, ISBN 1-4042-2165-4
Klemm 1950, pp. 133–42; Reilly 2004, p. 4 Klemm W 1950, 'Einige Probleme aus der Physik und der Chemie der Halbmetalle und der Metametalle', Angewandte Chemie, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 133–42 Reilly 2004, The Nutritional Trace Metals, Blackwell, Oxford, ISBN 1-4051-1040-6
Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 141; Henderson 2000, p. 58; Housecroft & Sharpe 2008, pp. 360–72 Greenwood NN & Earnshaw A 2002, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 0-7506-3365-4 Henderson M 2000, Main Group Chemistry, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, ISBN 0-85404-617-8 Housecroft CE & Sharpe AG 2008, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Pearson Education, Harlow, ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6
Owen & Brooker 1991, p. 59; Wiberg 2001, p. 936 Owen SM & Brooker AT 1991, A Guide to Modern Inorganic Chemistry, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, ISBN 0-582-06439-2 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Holderness & Berry 1979, p. 111; Wiberg 2001, p. 980 Holderness A & Berry M 1979, Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Heinemann Educational Books, London, ISBN 0-435-65435-7 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Rao 2002, p. 22 Rao KY 2002, Structural Chemistry of Glasses, Elsevier, Oxford, ISBN 0-08-043958-6
Wiberg 2001, p. 824 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Russell & Lee 2005, p. 393 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
Wiberg 2001, p. 834 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Wiberg 2001, pp. 851, 858 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Russell & Lee 2005, pp. 399–400 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
Russell & Lee 2005, p. 399 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
Wiberg 2001, p. 896 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Eggins 1972, p. 66; Wiberg 2001, p. 895 Eggins BR 1972, Chemical Structure and Reactivity, MacMillan, London, ISBN 0-333-08145-5 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
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Russell & Lee 2005, p. 420 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
Wiberg 2001, pp. 750, 975; Silberberg 2006, p. 314 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5 Silberberg MS 2006, Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN 0-07-111658-3
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Mellor 1964a, p. 30; Wiberg 2001, p. 589 Mellor JW 1964a, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, vol. 11, John Wiley, New York Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Hill & Holman 2000, p. 124 Hill G & Holman J 2000, Chemistry in Context, 5th ed., Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, ISBN 0-17-448307-4
Wiberg 2001, p. 781 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Wiberg 2001, p. 798 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Russell & Lee 2005, pp. 358–59 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
Russell & Lee 2005, pp. 358–60 et seq Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
Ogata, Li & Yip 2002; Boyer et al. 2004, p. 1023; Russell & Lee 2005, p. 359 Ogata S, Li J & Yip S 2002, 'Ideal Pure Shear Strength of Aluminium and Copper', Science, vol. 298, no. 5594, 25 October, pp. 807–10, doi:10.1126/science.1076652 Boyer RD, Li J, Ogata S & Yip S 2004, 'Analysis of Shear Deformations in Al and Cu: Empirical Potentials Versus Density Functional Theory', Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1017–29, doi:10.1088/0965-0393/12/5/017 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
Cooper 1968, p. 25; Henderson 2000, p. 5; Silberberg 2006, p. 314 Cooper DG 1968, The Periodic Table, 4th ed., Butterworths, London Henderson M 2000, Main Group Chemistry, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, ISBN 0-85404-617-8 Silberberg MS 2006, Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN 0-07-111658-3
Wiberg 2001, p. 1014 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Daub & Seese 1996, pp. 70, 109: "Aluminum is not a metalloid but a metal because it has mostly metallic properties."; Denniston, Topping & Caret 2004, p. 57: "Note that aluminum (Al) is classified as a metal, not a metalloid."; Hasan 2009, p. 16: "Aluminum does not have the characteristics of a metalloid but rather those of a metal." Daub GW & Seese WS 1996, Basic Chemistry, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, New York, ISBN 0-13-373630-X Denniston KJ, Topping JJ & Caret RL 2004, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN 0-07-282847-1 Hasan H 2009, The Boron Elements: Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, ISBN 1-4358-5333-4
Emsley 2001, p. 382 Emsley J 2001, Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-850341-5
Fritz & Gjerde 2008, p. 235 Fritz JS & Gjerde DT 2008, Ion Chromatography, John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN 3-527-61325-0
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Bagnall 1966, p. 41; Barrett 2003, p. 119 Bagnall KW 1966, The Chemistry of Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium, Elsevier, Amsterdam Barrett J 2003, Inorganic Chemistry in Aqueous Solution, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, ISBN 0-85404-471-X
Hawkes 2010; Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007; Hawkes 1999, p. 14; Roza 2009, p. 12 Hawkes SJ 2010, 'Polonium and Astatine are not Semimetals', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 87, no. 8, p. 783, doi:10.1021/ed100308w Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007 'Why Polonium and Astatine are not Metalloids in HRW texts', viewed 8 February 2013 Hawkes SJ 1999, 'Polonium and Astatine are not Semimetals', Chem 13 News, February, p. 14, ISSN 0703-1157 Roza G 2009, Bromine, Rosen Publishing, New York, ISBN 1-4358-5068-8
Harding, Johnson & Janes 2002, p. 61 Harding C, Johnson DA & Janes R 2002, Elements of the p Block, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, ISBN 0-85404-690-9
Emsley 2001, p. 48 Emsley J 2001, Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-850341-5
Olmsted & Williams 1997, p. 328; Daintith 2004, p. 277 Olmsted J & Williams GM 1997, Chemistry, the Molecular Science, 2nd ed., Wm C Brown, Dubuque, Iowa, ISBN 0-8151-8450-6 Daintith J (ed.) 2004, Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-920463-2
Wiberg 2001, p. 416 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Russell & Lee 2005, p. 5 Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-64952-X
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Yacobi & Holt 1990, p. 10; Wiberg 2001, p. 160 Yacobi BG & Holt DB 1990, Cathodoluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids, Plenum, New York, ISBN 0-306-43314-1 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Oxtoby, Gillis & Campion 2008, p. 508 Oxtoby DW, Gillis HP & Campion A 2008, Principles of Modern Chemistry, 6th ed., Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California, ISBN 0-534-49366-1
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Lide 2005; Wiberg 2001, p. 423: At Lide DR (ed.) 2005, 'Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea', in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 14–17, ISBN 0-8493-0485-7 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Wiberg 2001, p. 741 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, pp. 271, 219, 748–49, 886: C, Al, Se, Po, At; Wiberg 2001, p. 573: Se Greenwood NN & Earnshaw A 2002, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 0-7506-3365-4 Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0-12-352651-5

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Reardon 2005; Meskers, Hagelüken & Van Damme 2009, p. 1131 Reardon M 2005, 'IBM Doubles Speed of Germanium chips', CNET News, August 4, viewed 27 December 2013 Meskers CEM, Hagelüken C & Van Damme G 2009, 'Green Recycling of EEE: Special and Precious Metal EEE', in SM Howard, P Anyalebechi & L Zhang (eds), Proceedings of Sessions and Symposia Sponsored by the Extraction and Processing Division (EPD) of The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), held during the TMS 2009 Annual Meeting & Exhibition San Francisco, California, February 15–19, 2009, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, ISBN 978-0-87339-732-2, pp. 1131–36

docbrown.info

Bucat 1983, p. 26; Brown c. 2007 Bucat RB (ed.) 1983, Elements of Chemistry: Earth, Air, Fire & Water, vol. 1, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, ISBN 0-85847-113-2 Brown WP c. 2007 'The Properties of Semi-Metals or Metalloids,' Doc Brown's Chemistry: Introduction to the Periodic Table, viewed 8 February 2013

doi.org

For a related commentary see also: Vernon RE 2013, 'Which Elements Are Metalloids?', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 90, no. 12, pp. 1703–1707, doi:10.1021/ed3008457
Belpassi et al. 2006, pp. 4543–44 Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Sgamellotti A & Quiney HM 2006, 'The Electronic Structure of Alkali Aurides. A Four-Component Dirac−Kohn−Sham study', The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 110, no. 13, April 6, pp. 4543–54, doi:10.1021/jp054938w
Schmidbaur & Schier 2008, pp. 1931–51 Schmidbaur H & Schier A 2008, 'A Briefing on Aurophilicity,' Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 37, pp. 1931–51, doi:10.1039/B708845K
Goldsmith 1982, p. 526; Kotz, Treichel & Weaver 2009, p. 62; Bettelheim et al. 2010, p. 46 Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–27, doi:10.1021/ed059p526 Kotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California, ISBN 1-4390-4131-8 Bettelheim F, Brown WH, Campbell MK & Farrell SO 2010, Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 9th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont CA, ISBN 0-495-39112-3
Mann et al. 2000, p. 2783 Mann JB, Meek TL & Allen LC 2000, 'Configuration Energies of the Main Group Elements', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, no. 12, pp. 2780–83, doi:10.1021/ja992866e
Hawkes 2001, p. 1686; Segal 1989, p. 965; McMurray & Fay 2009, p. 767 Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–87, doi:10.1021/ed078p1686 Segal BG 1989, Chemistry: Experiment and Theory, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN 0-471-84929-4 McMurray J & Fay RC 2009, General Chemistry: Atoms First, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, ISBN 0-321-57163-0
Hawkes 2001, p. 1686; Hawkes 2010; Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007 Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–87, doi:10.1021/ed078p1686 Hawkes SJ 2010, 'Polonium and Astatine are not Semimetals', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 87, no. 8, p. 783, doi:10.1021/ed100308w Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007 'Why Polonium and Astatine are not Metalloids in HRW texts', viewed 8 February 2013
Rausch 1960 Rausch MD 1960, 'Cyclopentadienyl Compounds of Metals and Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 568–78, doi:10.1021/ed037p568
Thayer 1977, p. 604; Warren & Geballe 1981; Masters & Ela 2008, p. 190 Thayer JS 1977, 'Teaching Bio-Organometal Chemistry. I. The Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 604–06, doi:10.1021/ed054p604 Warren J & Geballe T 1981, 'Research Opportunities in New Energy-Related Materials', Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 149–98, doi:10.1016/0025-5416(81)90177-4 Masters GM & Ela W 2008, Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, ISBN 978-0-13-148193-0
Warren & Geballe 1981; Chalmers 1959, p. 72; US Bureau of Naval Personnel 1965, p. 26 Warren J & Geballe T 1981, 'Research Opportunities in New Energy-Related Materials', Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 149–98, doi:10.1016/0025-5416(81)90177-4 Chalmers B 1959, Physical Metallurgy, John Wiley & Sons, New York US Bureau of Naval Personnel 1965, Shipfitter 3 & 2, US Government Printing Office, Washington
Rausch 1960; Friend 1953, p. 68 Rausch MD 1960, 'Cyclopentadienyl Compounds of Metals and Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 568–78, doi:10.1021/ed037p568 Friend JN 1953, Man and the Chemical Elements, 1st ed., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York
Hampel & Hawley 1966, p. 950; Stein 1985; Stein 1987, pp. 240, 247–48 Hampel CA & Hawley GG 1966, The Encyclopedia of Chemistry, 3rd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York Stein L 1985, 'New Evidence that Radon is a Metalloid Element: Ion-Exchange Reactions of Cationic Radon', Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, vol. 22, pp. 1631–32, doi:10.1039/C39850001631 Stein L 1987, 'Chemical Properties of Radon' in PK Hopke (ed.) 1987, Radon and its Decay products: Occurrence, Properties, and Health Effects, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 240–51, ISBN 0-8412-1015-2
Goldsmith 1982, p. 526; Hawkes 2001, p. 1686 Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–27, doi:10.1021/ed059p526 Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–87, doi:10.1021/ed078p1686
Hawkes 2001, p. 1687 Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–87, doi:10.1021/ed078p1686
Rochow 1977, p. 76; Mann et al. 2000, p. 2783 Rochow EG 1977, Modern Descriptive Chemistry, Saunders, Philadelphia, ISBN 0-7216-7628-6 Mann JB, Meek TL & Allen LC 2000, 'Configuration Energies of the Main Group Elements', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, no. 12, pp. 2780–83, doi:10.1021/ja992866e
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Sample prices of gold, in comparison, start at roughly thirty-five times that of silver. Based on sample prices for B, C, Al, Si, Ge, As, Se, Ag, Sb, Te, and Au available on-line from Alfa Aesa; Goodfellow; Metallium; and United Nuclear Scientific.

energytrend.com

pv.energytrend.com

Based on spot prices for Al, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Se, and Te available on-line from FastMarkets: Minor Metals; Fast Markets: Base Metals; EnergyTrend: PV Market Status, Polysilicon; and Metal-Pages: Arsenic metal prices, news, and information.

fastmarkets.com

Based on spot prices for Al, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Se, and Te available on-line from FastMarkets: Minor Metals; Fast Markets: Base Metals; EnergyTrend: PV Market Status, Polysilicon; and Metal-Pages: Arsenic metal prices, news, and information.

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Sample prices of gold, in comparison, start at roughly thirty-five times that of silver. Based on sample prices for B, C, Al, Si, Ge, As, Se, Ag, Sb, Te, and Au available on-line from Alfa Aesa; Goodfellow; Metallium; and United Nuclear Scientific.

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Based on spot prices for Al, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Se, and Te available on-line from FastMarkets: Minor Metals; Fast Markets: Base Metals; EnergyTrend: PV Market Status, Polysilicon; and Metal-Pages: Arsenic metal prices, news, and information.

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Sample prices of gold, in comparison, start at roughly thirty-five times that of silver. Based on sample prices for B, C, Al, Si, Ge, As, Se, Ag, Sb, Te, and Au available on-line from Alfa Aesa; Goodfellow; Metallium; and United Nuclear Scientific.
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wiktionary.org

en.wiktionary.org

As the ratio is based on classical arguments^[59] it does not accommodate the finding that polonium, which has a value of ~0.95, adopts a metallic (rather than covalent) crystalline structure, on relativistic grounds.^[60] Even so it offers a first order rationalization for the occurrence of metallic character amongst the elements.^[61]

worldcat.org

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