Patent (English Wikipedia)

Osborn, Lucas; Pearce, Joshua M.; Haselhuhn, Amberlee (9 June 2015). "The Case for Weaker Patents". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2585764. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023 – via www.academia.edu.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Gaddy, Benjamin E.; Sivaram, Varun; Jones, Timothy B.; Wayman, Libby (2017). "Venture Capital and Cleantech: The wrong model for energy innovation". Energy Policy. 102: 385–395. Bibcode:2017EnPol.102..385G. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.035. OSTI 1416804.
Silverman, Arnold B. (1990). "Evaluating the Validity of a United States Patent". JOM. 42 (7): 46. Bibcode:1990JOM....42g..46S. doi:10.1007/bf03221022. S2CID 138751277. Archived from the original on 2016-08-23.
Porter, Alan L.; Markley, Mark; Snead, Richard; Newman, Nils C. (2023). "Twenty years of US nanopatenting: Maintenance renewal scoring as an indicator of patent value". World Patent Information. 73 102178. Bibcode:2023WPatI..7302178P. doi:10.1016/j.wpi.2023.102178.
Schwall, Aaron; Wagner, Jeffrey (2023). "The persistence of worthless patents?". World Patent Information. 72 102179. Bibcode:2023WPatI..7202179S. doi:10.1016/j.wpi.2023.102179.
Heller, Michael; Eisenberg, Sue (May 1, 1998). "Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research". Science. 280 (5364): 698–701. Bibcode:1998Sci...280..698H. doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.698. PMID 9563938. S2CID 31902564.
Pearce, Joshua (2015). "A Novel Approach to Obviousness: An Algorithm for Identifying Prior Art Concerning 3-D Printing Materials" (PDF). World Patent Information. 42: 13–18. Bibcode:2015WPatI..42...13P. doi:10.1016/j.wpi.2015.07.003. S2CID 106963553. Retrieved 2016-08-20.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Jaffé, Deborah (2003). Ingenious women: from tincture of saffron to flying machines. Internet Archive. Stroud : Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-3030-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Bessen, James; Meurer, Michael James (2008). Patent failure: how judges, bureaucrats, and lawyers put innovators at risk. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-691-13491-8.. Based on an American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA) survey of patent lawyers (2005), and court documents for a sample of 89 court cases where one side was ordered to pay the other side's legal fees. The containing chapter ('The Costs of Disputes') also tries to quantify associated business costs.
Shapiro, Carl (2001). "Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard-Setting" (PDF). In Jaffe, Adam B.; et al. (eds.). Innovation Policy and the Economy. Vol. I. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 119–150. ISBN 978-0-262-60041-5.

archives-ouvertes.fr (Global: 1,143^rd place; English: 973^rd place)

halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr

Galvez-Behar, Gabriel (2019-05-27). "The Patent System during the French Industrial Revolution: Institutional Change and Economic Effects" (PDF). Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte. 60 (1): 31–56. doi:10.1515/jbwg-2019-0003. ISSN 2196-6842. S2CID 195789899. Retrieved 2021-08-26.

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

Pearce, Joshua (2015). "A Novel Approach to Obviousness: An Algorithm for Identifying Prior Art Concerning 3-D Printing Materials" (PDF). World Patent Information. 42: 13–18. Bibcode:2015WPatI..42...13P. doi:10.1016/j.wpi.2015.07.003. S2CID 106963553. Retrieved 2016-08-20.

arstechnica.com (Global: 473^rd place; English: 338^th place)

"Novell signs on to EFF patent busting project". arstechnica.com. 2007-05-23. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

austlii.edu.au (Global: 1,563^rd place; English: 725^th place)

See Section 39 of the UK Patents Act Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine as an example. The laws across Europe vary from country to country but are generally harmonised. In an Australian context, see University of Western Australia v Gray [2008] FCA 498 AUSTLII Archived 2023-08-28 at the Wayback Machine

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"'Patent trolls' cost other US bodies $29bn last year, says study". BBC. June 29, 2012. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012.

berkeley.edu (Global: 621^st place; English: 429^th place)

faculty.haas.berkeley.edu

Lemley, M.A.; Shapiro, C. (2005). "Probabilistic patents" (PDF). The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19 (2): 75–98. doi:10.1257/0895330054048650. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-11-18.
Shapiro, Carl (2001). "Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard-Setting" (PDF). In Jaffe, Adam B.; et al. (eds.). Innovation Policy and the Economy. Vol. I. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 119–150. ISBN 978-0-262-60041-5.

scholarship.law.berkeley.edu

Merges, R.P. (2010). "The Trouble with Trolls: Innovation, Rent-Seeking, and Patent Law Reform". Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 24: 1583. Archived from the original on 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2017-12-10.

bitlaw.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Patent Requirements (BitLaw)". www.bitlaw.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-12-16.

bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

"There's a Precedent for Overriding Patents on Vital Medications". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2023-08-28. Retrieved 23 November 2021.

bmj.com (Global: 1,341^st place; English: 1,425^th place)

Feinmann, Jane (28 October 2021). "Covid-19: global vaccine production is a mess and shortages are down to more than just hoarding". BMJ. 375 n2375. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2375. PMID 34711605. S2CID 240001631. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Stuart Wall; Sonal Minocha; Bronwen Rees (2009). International Business. Financial Times Prentice Hall. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-273-72372-1. Archived from the original on 2023-08-28. Retrieved 2021-03-13. (...) patents, trademarks and copyrights. These are often referred to as intellectual property rights (...)
Stack, Alexander James (2011). International Patent Law: Cooperation, Harmonization, and an Institutional Analysis of WIPO and the WTO. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84980-609-1.
Johns, Adrian (15 January 2010). Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-40120-1. Retrieved 9 June 2023 – via Google Books.

businessinsider.com (Global: 201^st place; English: 139^th place)

Sonnemaker, Tyler. "No, an artificial intelligence can't legally invent something – only 'natural persons' can, says US patent office". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2020.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Leaffer, Marshall A. (1990). "Book Review. Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660–1800". Articles by Maurer Faculty (666). Archived from the original on 2015-10-04; MacLeod, Christine (1988). Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English patent system, 1660–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89399-2. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04

canada.ca (Global: 1,114^th place; English: 605^th place)

ised-isde.canada.ca

IP Canada Report. 2016. https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/canadian-intellectual-property-office/sites/default/files/attachments/2022/IP_Canada_Report_2016_en.pdf Archived 2023-06-07 at the Wayback Machine

cannabisembassy.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cannabis Embassy, Commission on Biopiracy (2024). "WIPO's Diplomatic Conference & New Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK): A new Treaty against Biopiracy". cannabisembassy.org. Retrieved 2024-05-26.

cecollect.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

DLA Piper (2005). "Patent Litigation across Europe". cecollect.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-06.

cnbc.com (Global: 303^rd place; English: 191^st place)

Amin, Tahir (27 June 2018). "High drug prices caused by US patent system, not 'foreign freeloaders'". CNBC. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.

cnet.com (Global: 447^th place; English: 345^th place)

Jim Kerstetter. 2012. How much is that patent lawsuit going to cost you?. CNET. "How much is that patent lawsuit going to cost you?". Archived from the original on 2016-08-23. Retrieved 2016-08-20.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

money.cnn.com

Goldman, David (July 2, 2013). "Patent troll: 'I'm ethical and moral'". CNN. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013.

columbia.edu (Global: 554^th place; English: 368^th place)

academiccommons.columbia.edu

Nalebuff, Barry J.; Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1983). "Prizes and Incentives: Towards a General Theory of Compensation and Competition". The Bell Journal of Economics. 14 (1): 21–43. doi:10.2307/3003535. JSTOR 3003535.

compilerpress.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

Frumkin, M. (March 1945). "The Origins of Patents". Journal of the Patent Office Society. 27 (3): 143–49.

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

law.cornell.edu

"Doctrine of Equivalents". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
"Contributory Infringement". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
"Inducement of Infringement". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2020-12-16.

cornelllawreview.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ford, Roger Allan. "Patent Invalidity Versus Noninfringement" (PDF). Cornell Law Review. 99 (1): 71–128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-17.

corporateinventionboard.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

Technological profiles for global companies Archived 2010-03-27 at the Wayback Machine by analysing their patent portfolios

cosmovisioneshealing.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Indigenous Caucus of the WIPO GRATK Diplomatic Conference (2024-05-28). "Indigenous Caucus Closing Statement: International Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources & Associated Traditional Knowledge; May 24, 2024". Cosmovisiones Ancestrales. Retrieved 2024-07-31.

dklevine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Levine, David; Michele Boldrin (2008). Against intellectual monopoly (PDF). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87928-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-05-28.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Galvez-Behar, Gabriel (2019-05-27). "The Patent System during the French Industrial Revolution: Institutional Change and Economic Effects" (PDF). Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte. 60 (1): 31–56. doi:10.1515/jbwg-2019-0003. ISSN 2196-6842. S2CID 195789899. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
Khan, Zorina B. (1996). "Married Women's Property Laws and Female Commercial Activity: Evidence from United States Patent Records, 1790–1895" (PDF). The Journal of Economic History. 56 (2): 356–388. doi:10.1017/S002205070001648X. S2CID 154441953. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2021-03-05.
Kwiatkowski, Jakub; Tomaszewski, Tomasz (2021). "Trends and characteristics of patenting activity in Poland in 1990–2018". Przegląd Statystyczny. 67 (3): 212–30. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0014.7108.
Huebner, Jonathan (2005). "A possible declining trend for worldwide innovation". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 72 (8): 980–986. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2005.01.003.
Clancy, Matthew S. (2018). "Combinations of technology in US patents, 1926–2009: A weakening base for future innovation?". Economics of Innovation and New Technology. 27 (8): 770–785. doi:10.1080/10438599.2017.1410007.
Liang, Weixin; Elrod, Scott; McFarland, Daniel A.; Zou, James (2022). "Systematic analysis of 50 years of Stanford University technology transfer and commercialization". Patterns. 3 (9) 100584. doi:10.1016/j.patter.2022.100584. PMC 9481953. PMID 36124300.
Gold, E. Richard (2021). "The fall of the innovation empire and its possible rise through open science". Research Policy. 50 (5) 104226. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2021.104226. PMC 8024784. PMID 34083844.
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Bloom, Nicholas; Jones, Charles I.; Van Reenen, John; Webb, Michael (2020). "Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find?". American Economic Review. 110 (4): 1104–1144. doi:10.1257/aer.20180338.
Cauwels, Peter; Sornette, Didier (2022). "Are 'flow of ideas' and 'research productivity' in secular decline?". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 174 121267. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121267.
Dong, Jielin; Li, Wei; Cao, Yuhua; Fang, Jianwen (2016). "How does technology and population progress relate? An empirical study of the last 10,000 years". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 103: 57–70. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.011.
Gaddy, Benjamin E.; Sivaram, Varun; Jones, Timothy B.; Wayman, Libby (2017). "Venture Capital and Cleantech: The wrong model for energy innovation". Energy Policy. 102: 385–395. Bibcode:2017EnPol.102..385G. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.035. OSTI 1416804.
Shaikh, Ibrahim A.; Randhawa, Krithika (2022). "Industrial R&D and national innovation policy: An institutional reappraisal of the US national innovation system". Industrial and Corporate Change. 31 (5): 1152–1176. doi:10.1093/icc/dtac019.
Schohe, Stefan; Appelt, Christian; Goddar, Heinz (2019). "Patenting software-related inventions in Europe". Research Handbook on Patent Law and Theory. doi:10.4337/9781785364129.00014. ISBN 978-1-78536-412-9.
Sariel, Aviram; Mishori, Daniel; Agassi, Joseph (2015). "The re-inventor's dilemma: A tragedy of the public domain". Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice. 10 (10): 759–766. doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpv141.
Lemley, Mark A.; Shapiro, Carl (2005). "Probabilistic Patents". Journal of Economic Perspectives, Stanford Law and Economics Olin Working Paper No. 288. 19: 75. doi:10.2139/ssrn.567883. S2CID 9296557.
Silverman, Arnold B. (1990). "Evaluating the Validity of a United States Patent". JOM. 42 (7): 46. Bibcode:1990JOM....42g..46S. doi:10.1007/bf03221022. S2CID 138751277. Archived from the original on 2016-08-23.
Schmitz, Patrick W. (2002). "On Monopolistic Licensing Strategies under Asymmetric Information" (PDF). Journal of Economic Theory. 106 (1): 177–189. doi:10.1006/jeth.2001.2863. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
Porter, Alan L.; Markley, Mark; Snead, Richard; Newman, Nils C. (2023). "Twenty years of US nanopatenting: Maintenance renewal scoring as an indicator of patent value". World Patent Information. 73 102178. Bibcode:2023WPatI..7302178P. doi:10.1016/j.wpi.2023.102178.
Schwall, Aaron; Wagner, Jeffrey (2023). "The persistence of worthless patents?". World Patent Information. 72 102179. Bibcode:2023WPatI..7202179S. doi:10.1016/j.wpi.2023.102179.
Lemley, Mark A (2001). "Rational Ignorance at the Patent Office" (PDF). Northwestern University Law Review. 95 (4). doi:10.2139/ssrn.261400. S2CID 154339316. Retrieved 2020-09-02.
Lemley, M.A.; Shapiro, C. (2005). "Probabilistic patents" (PDF). The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19 (2): 75–98. doi:10.1257/0895330054048650. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-11-18.
Heller, Michael; Eisenberg, Sue (May 1, 1998). "Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research". Science. 280 (5364): 698–701. Bibcode:1998Sci...280..698H. doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.698. PMID 9563938. S2CID 31902564.
Outterson, K (2005). "Vanishing Public Domain: Antibiotic Resistance, Pharmaceutical Innovation and Intellectual Property Law". U. Pitt. L. Rev. 67: 67. doi:10.5195/lawreview.2005.70.
Banta, D.H. (2001). "Worldwide Interest in Global Access to Drugs". Journal of the American Medical Association. 285 (22): 2844–2846. doi:10.1001/jama.285.22.2844-jmn0613-3-1. PMID 11401589.
Biagioli, Mario (2019). "Weighing intellectual property: Can we balance the social costs and benefits of patenting?". History of Science. 57 (1): 140–163. doi:10.1177/0073275318797787. PMID 30880495.
Boldrin, M.; Levine, D.K. (2013). "The case against patents". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 27 (1): 3–22. doi:10.1257/jep.27.1.3.
Osborn, Lucas; Pearce, Joshua M.; Haselhuhn, Amberlee (9 June 2015). "The Case for Weaker Patents". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2585764. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023 – via www.academia.edu.
Vincent Rajkumar, S. (23 June 2020). "The high cost of prescription drugs: causes and solutions". Blood Cancer Journal. 10 (6) 71. doi:10.1038/s41408-020-0338-x. ISSN 2044-5385. PMC 7311400. PMID 32576816.
Feinmann, Jane (28 October 2021). "Covid-19: global vaccine production is a mess and shortages are down to more than just hoarding". BMJ. 375 n2375. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2375. PMID 34711605. S2CID 240001631. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
Nalebuff, Barry J.; Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1983). "Prizes and Incentives: Towards a General Theory of Compensation and Competition". The Bell Journal of Economics. 14 (1): 21–43. doi:10.2307/3003535. JSTOR 3003535.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1988). "Economic organization, information, and development". Handbook of Development Economics. Vol. 1. pp. 93–160. doi:10.1016/s1573-4471(88)01008-3. ISBN 978-0-444-70337-8.
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duke.edu (Global: 1,851^st place; English: 1,041^st place)

scholarship.law.duke.edu

Barker, David G. (2005). "Troll or no Troll? Policing Patent Usage with an Open Post-grant Review". Duke Law & Technology Review. 9 (11). Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2013.

eff.org (Global: 4,491^st place; English: 3,102^nd place)

"Patent Busting Project". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2020-06-10.

escholarship.org (Global: 1,477^th place; English: 863^rd place)

Lemley, Mark A (2001). "Rational Ignorance at the Patent Office" (PDF). Northwestern University Law Review. 95 (4). doi:10.2139/ssrn.261400. S2CID 154339316. Retrieved 2020-09-02.
Magliocca, G.N. (2007). "Blackberries and barnyards: Patent trolls and the perils of innovation" (PDF). Notre Dame Law Review. 82: 1809–1838. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2017-12-10.

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu

The 2009 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard Archived 2010-03-30 at the Wayback Machine produced by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies

european-patent-office.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

With the following assumptions: "18 pages (11 pages description, 3 pages claims, 4 pages drawings), 10 claims, patent validated in 6 countries (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland), excl. in-house preparation costs for the patentee" (the costs relate to European patents granted in 2002/2003), in European Patent Office, The cost of a sample European patent – new estimates Archived 2008-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, 2005, p. 1.

ft.com (Global: 193^rd place; English: 127^th place)

Kaminska, Izabella (13 September 2017). "It's not about the low hanging fruit, it's about the ideas". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.

gisborneherald.co.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

"New treaty addresses intellectual property for genetic resources and traditional knowledge". The Gisborne Herald. 2024-06-13. Retrieved 2024-07-31.

globaldata.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Global patent filings decline by 14% YoY in Q2 2022, mainly led by China, reveals GlobalData". GlobalData. 4 August 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.

globalnews.ca (Global: 1,016^th place; English: 518^th place)

"Canada lacks 'political will' to waive COVID-19 vaccine patents, Bolivian minister says | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

gov.uk (Global: 401^st place; English: 228^th place)

"Facts and figures: patent, trade mark, design and hearing data: 2019". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.

govinfo.gov (Global: 1,755^th place; English: 831^st place)

"Anniversary of the First Patent Issued in the United States". GovInfo. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.

harvardjlg.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Marcowitz-Bitton, Miriam; Kaplan, Yotam; Michiko Morris, Emily (2020). "Unregistered Patents & Gender Equality" (PDF). Harvard Journal of Law & Gender. 43: 47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2021-02-26.

hblaw.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Holland & Bonzagni a full Service IP Law Firm in Western Massachusetts". www.hblaw.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

heinonline.org (Global: 3,098^th place; English: 1,655^th place)

Markey, Howard T. (9 June 1975). "Special Problems in Patent Cases". Journal of the Patent Office Society. 57: 675. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2023.

iisd.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Halle, Mark. "The Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights" (PDF). IISD Commentary. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2020-12-16 – via IISD.

illinoisjltp.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"McCall, D.D., 2003. Stating the Obvious: Patents and Biological Material. U. Ill. JL Tech. & Pol'y, p. 239" (PDF). illinoisjltp.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

indiana.edu (Global: 2,374^th place; English: 1,453^rd place)

repository.law.indiana.edu

Leaffer, Marshall A. (1990). "Book Review. Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660–1800". Articles by Maurer Faculty (666). Archived from the original on 2015-10-04; MacLeod, Christine (1988). Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English patent system, 1660–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89399-2. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04

ipaustralia.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What does 'patent pending' mean?". Archived from the original on 29 August 2011.

ipo.gov.uk (Global: low place; English: 9,917^th place)

"The 18th century". Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original on 2014-04-22.
See Section 39 of the UK Patents Act Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine as an example. The laws across Europe vary from country to country but are generally harmonised. In an Australian context, see University of Western Australia v Gray [2008] FCA 498 AUSTLII Archived 2023-08-28 at the Wayback Machine
UK Intellectual Property Office web site, Display your rights Archived 2009-09-03 at the Wayback Machine, (under "IPO Home> Types of IP> Patents> Managing your patents> Using and enforcing") Consulted on August 5, 2009.

ipwatchdog.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Patent Encumbrances Can Reduce Market Value up to 100 Percent". 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
"It's Not Just COVID: Understanding the Drop in U.S. Patent Application Filings". 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Katz, Michael L.; Shapiro, Carl (1985). "On the Licensing of Innovations". The RAND Journal of Economics. 16 (4): 504–520. ISSN 0741-6261. JSTOR 2555509.
Nalebuff, Barry J.; Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1983). "Prizes and Incentives: Towards a General Theory of Compensation and Competition". The Bell Journal of Economics. 14 (1): 21–43. doi:10.2307/3003535. JSTOR 3003535.

juve-patent.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Schulze, Christina (15 March 2019). "The end of quick and dirty? French patent system under scrutiny". JUVE Patent. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.

law360.com (Global: 6,540^th place; English: 3,263^rd place)

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letemps.ch (Global: 1,416^th place; English: 4,233^rd place)

"Un traité historique qui restaure la dignité des peuples autochtones". Le Temps (in French). 2024-05-24. ISSN 1423-3967. Retrieved 2024-07-31.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

memory.loc.gov

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managingip.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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