Propylene glycol (English Wikipedia)

Robertson, OH; Loosli, CG; Puck, TT; et al. (September 1947). "Tests for the chronic toxicity of propylene glycol and triethylene glycol on monkeys and rats by vapor inhalation and oral administration". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 91 (1): 52–76. PMID 20265820. air containing these vapors in amounts up to the saturation point is completely harmless

berrymanchemical.com

"Propylene Glycol USP". Berryman Chemical. 2020-07-20. Archived from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2020-07-28.

canada.ca

"Modification to the List of permitted emulsifying, gelling, stabilizing or thickening agents to enable the use of propylene glycol mono fatty acid esters as an emulsifier and stabilizer in ice milk mix". Health Canada, Government of Canada. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2024.

cdc.gov

CDC (March 11, 2019). "Electronic Cigarettes".
"Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020.

chemicalspec.com

"Material Safety Data Sheet: Winter Care RV Antifreeze" (PDF). Chemical Specialties. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

chemindustry.ru

"1,2-propanediol: chemical product info at CHEMINDUSTRY.RU". Retrieved 3 October 2018.

chemsrc.com

"Propylene Glycol_msds".

dguv.de

gestis.dguv.de

GHS: "Kein gefährlicher Stoff nach GHS" GESTIS 013620

doi.org

Sullivan, Carl J.; Kuenz, Anja; Vorlop, Klaus-Dieter (2018). "Propanediols". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_163.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (2018). "Re-evaluation of propane-1,2-diol (E 1520)as a food additive". EFSA Journal. 16 (4): 5235. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5235. PMC 7009459. PMID 32625872.
G. Jackson, R. T. Roberts and T. Wainwright (January 1980). "Mechanism of Beer Foam Stabilization by Propylene Glycol Alginate". Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 86 (1): 34–37. doi:10.1002/j.2050-0416.1980.tb03953.x.
Pucker AD, Ng SM, Nichols JJ (2016). "Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry eye syndrome". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 (2): CD009729. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009729.pub2. PMC 5045033. PMID 26905373.
Agoons, Dayawa D.; Agoons, Batakeh B.; Emmanuel, Kelechi E.; Matawalle, Firdausi A.; Cunningham, Jessica M. (2021-01-01). "Association between electronic cigarette use and fragility fractures among US adults". American Journal of Medicine Open. 1–6: 100002. doi:10.1016/j.ajmo.2021.100002. ISSN 2667-0364. PMC 11256257. PMID 39036626. S2CID 244502249.
Varlet, Vincent; et al. (2015). "Toxicity Assessment of Refill Liquids for Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 12 (5): 4796–4815. doi:10.3390/ijerph120504796. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 4454939. PMID 25941845.
Bradley, Jean-Claude; Abraham, Michael H; Acree, William E; Lang, Andrew (2015). "Predicting Abraham model solvent coefficients". Chemistry Central Journal. 9 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/s13065-015-0085-4. ISSN 1752-153X. PMC 4369285. PMID 25798192.
Nielsen, Nicolaj (2004). "Propylene glycol for dairy cows". Animal Feed Science and Technology. 115 (3–4): 191–213. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.03.008.
Fiume, Monice M.; Bergfeld, Wilma F.; Belsito, Donald V.; et al. (September 2012). "Safety assessment of propylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and PPGs as used in cosmetics". International Journal of Toxicology. 31 (5 Suppl): 245S – 60S. doi:10.1177/1091581812461381. ISSN 1092-874X. PMID 23064775. S2CID 24754435.
Rubin, Benjamin E. R.; Czekanski-Moir, Jesse E.; Wray, Brian D.; Moreau, Corrie S. (2013-03-13). "DNA preservation: a test of commonly used preservatives for insects". Invertebrate Systematics. 27 (1): 81–86. doi:10.1071/IS12067. ISSN 1447-2600. S2CID 4820463.
Hamilton, D. J. (1890). "Gastric Dyspepsia". The Lancet. 2 (3493): 306. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)17110-8.
Miller DN, Bazzano G; Bazzano (1965). "Propanediol metabolism and its relation to lactic acid metabolism". Ann NY Acad Sci. 119 (3): 957–973. Bibcode:1965NYASA.119..957M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb47455.x. PMID 4285478. S2CID 37769342.
Ruddick JA (1972). "Toxicology, metabolism, and biochemistry of 1,2-propanediol". Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 21 (1): 102–111. Bibcode:1972ToxAP..21..102R. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(72)90032-4. PMID 4553872.
Gaunt, I. F.; Carpanini, F. M. B.; Grasso, P.; Lansdown, A. B. G. (1972). "Long-term toxicity of propylene glycol in rats". Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. 10 (2): 151–162. doi:10.1016/S0015-6264(72)80193-7. PMID 5072816.
Dalton P; Soreth B; Maute C; et al. (2018). "Lack of respiratory and ocular effects following acute propylene glycol exposure in healthy humans". Inhal. Toxicol. 30 (3): 124–132. Bibcode:2018InhTx..30..124D. doi:10.1080/08958378.2018.1470207. PMID 29764241. S2CID 21711274.
Choi, Hyunok; Norbert Schmidbauer; Jan Sundell; et al. (2010-10-18). Hartl, Dominik (ed.). "Common Household Chemicals and the Allergy Risks in Pre-School Age Children". PLOS ONE. 5 (10): e13423. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513423C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013423. PMC 2956675. PMID 20976153.
Ruddick (1972). "Toxicology, metabolism, and biochemistry of 1,2-propanediol". Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 21 (1): 102–111. Bibcode:1972ToxAP..21..102R. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(72)90032-4. PMID 4553872.
Speth, P. A. J.; Vree, T. B.; Neilen, N. F. M.; et al. (1987). "Propylene Glycol Pharmacokinetics and Effects after Intravenous Infusion in Humans". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 9 (3): 255–258. doi:10.1097/00007691-198709000-00001. PMID 3672566. S2CID 23317790.
Demey, H.; Daelemans, R.; De Broe, M.E.; Bossaert, L. (1984). "Propylene glycol intoxication due to intravenous nitroglycerin". The Lancet. 323 (8390): 1360. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91860-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 6145062. S2CID 36606490.
Warshaw, Erin M.; Botto, Nina C.; Maibach, Howard I.; et al. (January 2009). "Positive patch-test reactions to propylene glycol: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 1996 to 2006". Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug. 20 (1): 14–20. doi:10.2310/6620.2008.08039. ISSN 2162-5220. PMID 19321115. S2CID 959002.
Lessmann, Holger; Schnuch, Axel; Geier, Johannes; Uter, Wolfgang (November 2005). "Skin-sensitizing and irritant properties of propylene glycol". Contact Dermatitis. 53 (5): 247–259. doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00693.x. ISSN 0105-1873. PMID 16283903. S2CID 13006333.
Wetter, David A.; Yiannias, James A.; Prakash, Amy V.; et al. (November 2010). "Results of patch testing to personal care product allergens in a standard series and a supplemental cosmetic series: an analysis of 945 patients from the Mayo Clinic Contact Dermatitis Group, 2000-2007". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 63 (5): 789–798. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.033. ISSN 1097-6787. PMID 20643495.
Jacob, Sharon E.; Scheman, Andrew; McGowan, Maria A. (January–February 2018). "Propylene Glycol". Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug. 29 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1097/DER.0000000000000315. ISSN 2162-5220. PMID 29059092. S2CID 24598433.
Lalla SC; Nguyen H; Chaudhry H; et al. (2018). "Patch Testing to Propylene Glycol: The Mayo Clinic Experience". Dermatitis. 29 (4): 200–205. doi:10.1097/DER.0000000000000393. PMID 29923851. S2CID 49311147.
Leal, Nicole A.; Havemann, Gregory D.; Bobik, Thomas A. (2003). "PduP is a coenzyme-a-acylating propionaldehyde dehydrogenase associated with the polyhedral bodies involved in B₁₂ -dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2". Archives of Microbiology. 180 (5): 353–361. Bibcode:2003ArMic.180..353L. doi:10.1007/s00203-003-0601-0. PMID 14504694. S2CID 44010353.

dow.com

msdssearch.dow.com

Alton E. Martin and Frank H. Murphy. "GLYCOLS - PROPYLENE GLYCOLS" (PDF). Dow Chemical Company.
A Guide to Glycols, Dow, page 36

ecfr.gov

FDA. "Subchapter E - Animal Drugs, Feeds, and Related Products; § 582.1666. Propylene glycol." Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 582.1666

epa.gov

Environmental Impact and Benefit Assessment for the Final Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for the Airport Deicing Category (Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). April 2012. EPA 821-R-12-003.

fda.gov

hfpappexternal.fda.gov

"Propylene glycol". Select Committee on GRAS Substances, US Food and Drug Administration. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
"Propylene glycol: Substances added to food". US Food and Drug Administration. 29 October 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.

accessdata.fda.gov

"Propylene glycol, Subpart B - Listing of Specific Substances Affirmed as GRAS, Sec. 184.1666 (original 25 June 1982)". Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, US Food and Drug Administration. 30 August 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2024.

foodinsight.org

Terrell, Casey (18 May 2021). "What Is Propylene Glycol, and What Does It Do in Our Food?". Food Insight. Retrieved 6 December 2024.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Miller DN, Bazzano G; Bazzano (1965). "Propanediol metabolism and its relation to lactic acid metabolism". Ann NY Acad Sci. 119 (3): 957–973. Bibcode:1965NYASA.119..957M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb47455.x. PMID 4285478. S2CID 37769342.
Ruddick JA (1972). "Toxicology, metabolism, and biochemistry of 1,2-propanediol". Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 21 (1): 102–111. Bibcode:1972ToxAP..21..102R. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(72)90032-4. PMID 4553872.
Dalton P; Soreth B; Maute C; et al. (2018). "Lack of respiratory and ocular effects following acute propylene glycol exposure in healthy humans". Inhal. Toxicol. 30 (3): 124–132. Bibcode:2018InhTx..30..124D. doi:10.1080/08958378.2018.1470207. PMID 29764241. S2CID 21711274.
Choi, Hyunok; Norbert Schmidbauer; Jan Sundell; et al. (2010-10-18). Hartl, Dominik (ed.). "Common Household Chemicals and the Allergy Risks in Pre-School Age Children". PLOS ONE. 5 (10): e13423. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513423C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013423. PMC 2956675. PMID 20976153.
Ruddick (1972). "Toxicology, metabolism, and biochemistry of 1,2-propanediol". Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 21 (1): 102–111. Bibcode:1972ToxAP..21..102R. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(72)90032-4. PMID 4553872.
Leal, Nicole A.; Havemann, Gregory D.; Bobik, Thomas A. (2003). "PduP is a coenzyme-a-acylating propionaldehyde dehydrogenase associated with the polyhedral bodies involved in B₁₂ -dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2". Archives of Microbiology. 180 (5): 353–361. Bibcode:2003ArMic.180..353L. doi:10.1007/s00203-003-0601-0. PMID 14504694. S2CID 44010353.

hsph.harvard.edu

"Chemical Compounds Emitted From Common Household Paints and Cleaners Increase Risks of Asthma and Allergies in Children". Harvard. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2018.

herbonaut.com

Peki, Winston (May 5, 2019). "Are Vaporizers Safe?". herbonaut.com.

imedpub.com

contraceptivestudies.imedpub.com

Using and Side-effects of Propylene Glycol in Animals, Bulent Elitok, Journal of Reproductive Health and Contraception, April 23, 2018.

inchem.org

Janusz Szajewski, MD, Warsaw Poison Control Centre (August 1991). "Propylene glycol (PIM 443)". IPCS INChem. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
Szajewski, Janusz. "Propylene Glycol (PIM 443)." 1991. 2 June 2010 http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim443.htm#SectionTitle:9.1%20%20Acute%20poisoning

leafly.com

Havelka, Jacqueline (April 27, 2017). "Is Vaping Safe?". leafly.com.

livestrong.com

Lohrey, Jackie. "Ingredients in Hand Sanitizer". LIVESTRONG.COM. Retrieved 2018-06-11.

lyondellbasell.com

"Propylene glycol and cats" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-27. Retrieved 2013-06-21.

mdedge.com

"Allergen of the year may be nearer than you think". www.mdedge.com. Retrieved 2019-04-08.

nevadafilm.com

Nevada Film Office (February 19, 2019). "Production Notes: Haze Machines". nevadafilm.com. Retrieved November 1, 2019.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (2018). "Re-evaluation of propane-1,2-diol (E 1520)as a food additive". EFSA Journal. 16 (4): 5235. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5235. PMC 7009459. PMID 32625872.
Pucker AD, Ng SM, Nichols JJ (2016). "Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry eye syndrome". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 (2): CD009729. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009729.pub2. PMC 5045033. PMID 26905373.
Agoons, Dayawa D.; Agoons, Batakeh B.; Emmanuel, Kelechi E.; Matawalle, Firdausi A.; Cunningham, Jessica M. (2021-01-01). "Association between electronic cigarette use and fragility fractures among US adults". American Journal of Medicine Open. 1–6: 100002. doi:10.1016/j.ajmo.2021.100002. ISSN 2667-0364. PMC 11256257. PMID 39036626. S2CID 244502249.
Varlet, Vincent; et al. (2015). "Toxicity Assessment of Refill Liquids for Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 12 (5): 4796–4815. doi:10.3390/ijerph120504796. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 4454939. PMID 25941845.
Bradley, Jean-Claude; Abraham, Michael H; Acree, William E; Lang, Andrew (2015). "Predicting Abraham model solvent coefficients". Chemistry Central Journal. 9 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/s13065-015-0085-4. ISSN 1752-153X. PMC 4369285. PMID 25798192.
Fiume, Monice M.; Bergfeld, Wilma F.; Belsito, Donald V.; et al. (September 2012). "Safety assessment of propylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and PPGs as used in cosmetics". International Journal of Toxicology. 31 (5 Suppl): 245S – 60S. doi:10.1177/1091581812461381. ISSN 1092-874X. PMID 23064775. S2CID 24754435.
Miller DN, Bazzano G; Bazzano (1965). "Propanediol metabolism and its relation to lactic acid metabolism". Ann NY Acad Sci. 119 (3): 957–973. Bibcode:1965NYASA.119..957M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb47455.x. PMID 4285478. S2CID 37769342.
Ruddick JA (1972). "Toxicology, metabolism, and biochemistry of 1,2-propanediol". Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 21 (1): 102–111. Bibcode:1972ToxAP..21..102R. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(72)90032-4. PMID 4553872.
Gaunt, I. F.; Carpanini, F. M. B.; Grasso, P.; Lansdown, A. B. G. (1972). "Long-term toxicity of propylene glycol in rats". Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. 10 (2): 151–162. doi:10.1016/S0015-6264(72)80193-7. PMID 5072816.
Dalton P; Soreth B; Maute C; et al. (2018). "Lack of respiratory and ocular effects following acute propylene glycol exposure in healthy humans". Inhal. Toxicol. 30 (3): 124–132. Bibcode:2018InhTx..30..124D. doi:10.1080/08958378.2018.1470207. PMID 29764241. S2CID 21711274.
Robertson, OH; Loosli, CG; Puck, TT; et al. (September 1947). "Tests for the chronic toxicity of propylene glycol and triethylene glycol on monkeys and rats by vapor inhalation and oral administration". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 91 (1): 52–76. PMID 20265820. air containing these vapors in amounts up to the saturation point is completely harmless
Choi, Hyunok; Norbert Schmidbauer; Jan Sundell; et al. (2010-10-18). Hartl, Dominik (ed.). "Common Household Chemicals and the Allergy Risks in Pre-School Age Children". PLOS ONE. 5 (10): e13423. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513423C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013423. PMC 2956675. PMID 20976153.
Ruddick (1972). "Toxicology, metabolism, and biochemistry of 1,2-propanediol". Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 21 (1): 102–111. Bibcode:1972ToxAP..21..102R. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(72)90032-4. PMID 4553872.
Speth, P. A. J.; Vree, T. B.; Neilen, N. F. M.; et al. (1987). "Propylene Glycol Pharmacokinetics and Effects after Intravenous Infusion in Humans". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 9 (3): 255–258. doi:10.1097/00007691-198709000-00001. PMID 3672566. S2CID 23317790.
Demey, H.; Daelemans, R.; De Broe, M.E.; Bossaert, L. (1984). "Propylene glycol intoxication due to intravenous nitroglycerin". The Lancet. 323 (8390): 1360. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91860-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 6145062. S2CID 36606490.
Warshaw, Erin M.; Botto, Nina C.; Maibach, Howard I.; et al. (January 2009). "Positive patch-test reactions to propylene glycol: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 1996 to 2006". Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug. 20 (1): 14–20. doi:10.2310/6620.2008.08039. ISSN 2162-5220. PMID 19321115. S2CID 959002.
Lessmann, Holger; Schnuch, Axel; Geier, Johannes; Uter, Wolfgang (November 2005). "Skin-sensitizing and irritant properties of propylene glycol". Contact Dermatitis. 53 (5): 247–259. doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00693.x. ISSN 0105-1873. PMID 16283903. S2CID 13006333.
Wetter, David A.; Yiannias, James A.; Prakash, Amy V.; et al. (November 2010). "Results of patch testing to personal care product allergens in a standard series and a supplemental cosmetic series: an analysis of 945 patients from the Mayo Clinic Contact Dermatitis Group, 2000-2007". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 63 (5): 789–798. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.033. ISSN 1097-6787. PMID 20643495.
Jacob, Sharon E.; Scheman, Andrew; McGowan, Maria A. (January–February 2018). "Propylene Glycol". Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug. 29 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1097/DER.0000000000000315. ISSN 2162-5220. PMID 29059092. S2CID 24598433.
Lalla SC; Nguyen H; Chaudhry H; et al. (2018). "Patch Testing to Propylene Glycol: The Mayo Clinic Experience". Dermatitis. 29 (4): 200–205. doi:10.1097/DER.0000000000000393. PMID 29923851. S2CID 49311147.
Leal, Nicole A.; Havemann, Gregory D.; Bobik, Thomas A. (2003). "PduP is a coenzyme-a-acylating propionaldehyde dehydrogenase associated with the polyhedral bodies involved in B₁₂ -dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2". Archives of Microbiology. 180 (5): 353–361. Bibcode:2003ArMic.180..353L. doi:10.1007/s00203-003-0601-0. PMID 14504694. S2CID 44010353.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (2018). "Re-evaluation of propane-1,2-diol (E 1520)as a food additive". EFSA Journal. 16 (4): 5235. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5235. PMC 7009459. PMID 32625872.
Pucker AD, Ng SM, Nichols JJ (2016). "Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry eye syndrome". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 (2): CD009729. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009729.pub2. PMC 5045033. PMID 26905373.
Agoons, Dayawa D.; Agoons, Batakeh B.; Emmanuel, Kelechi E.; Matawalle, Firdausi A.; Cunningham, Jessica M. (2021-01-01). "Association between electronic cigarette use and fragility fractures among US adults". American Journal of Medicine Open. 1–6: 100002. doi:10.1016/j.ajmo.2021.100002. ISSN 2667-0364. PMC 11256257. PMID 39036626. S2CID 244502249.
Varlet, Vincent; et al. (2015). "Toxicity Assessment of Refill Liquids for Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 12 (5): 4796–4815. doi:10.3390/ijerph120504796. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 4454939. PMID 25941845.
Bradley, Jean-Claude; Abraham, Michael H; Acree, William E; Lang, Andrew (2015). "Predicting Abraham model solvent coefficients". Chemistry Central Journal. 9 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/s13065-015-0085-4. ISSN 1752-153X. PMC 4369285. PMID 25798192.
Choi, Hyunok; Norbert Schmidbauer; Jan Sundell; et al. (2010-10-18). Hartl, Dominik (ed.). "Common Household Chemicals and the Allergy Risks in Pre-School Age Children". PLOS ONE. 5 (10): e13423. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513423C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013423. PMC 2956675. PMID 20976153.

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"Propylene Glycol - Cameo Chemicals". NOAA Office of Response and Restoration. NOAA. Retrieved 3 October 2018.

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Daniel, Brea (July 15, 2016). "Atmosphere: Hazers, Fazers, Smoke and Fog 101 by Daniel Brea". provideocoalition.com. Archived from the original on 2016-07-19. Retrieved November 1, 2019.

researchgate.net

Nielsen, Nicolaj (2004). "Propylene glycol for dairy cows". Animal Feed Science and Technology. 115 (3–4): 191–213. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.03.008.

rocklinusd.org

whs.rocklinusd.org

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sciencedaily.com

"Everyday Substances Increase Risk of Allergies in Children, Swedish Study Reveals". ScienceDaily. Oct 19, 2010.

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semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Agoons, Dayawa D.; Agoons, Batakeh B.; Emmanuel, Kelechi E.; Matawalle, Firdausi A.; Cunningham, Jessica M. (2021-01-01). "Association between electronic cigarette use and fragility fractures among US adults". American Journal of Medicine Open. 1–6: 100002. doi:10.1016/j.ajmo.2021.100002. ISSN 2667-0364. PMC 11256257. PMID 39036626. S2CID 244502249.
Fiume, Monice M.; Bergfeld, Wilma F.; Belsito, Donald V.; et al. (September 2012). "Safety assessment of propylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and PPGs as used in cosmetics". International Journal of Toxicology. 31 (5 Suppl): 245S – 60S. doi:10.1177/1091581812461381. ISSN 1092-874X. PMID 23064775. S2CID 24754435.
Rubin, Benjamin E. R.; Czekanski-Moir, Jesse E.; Wray, Brian D.; Moreau, Corrie S. (2013-03-13). "DNA preservation: a test of commonly used preservatives for insects". Invertebrate Systematics. 27 (1): 81–86. doi:10.1071/IS12067. ISSN 1447-2600. S2CID 4820463.
Miller DN, Bazzano G; Bazzano (1965). "Propanediol metabolism and its relation to lactic acid metabolism". Ann NY Acad Sci. 119 (3): 957–973. Bibcode:1965NYASA.119..957M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb47455.x. PMID 4285478. S2CID 37769342.
Dalton P; Soreth B; Maute C; et al. (2018). "Lack of respiratory and ocular effects following acute propylene glycol exposure in healthy humans". Inhal. Toxicol. 30 (3): 124–132. Bibcode:2018InhTx..30..124D. doi:10.1080/08958378.2018.1470207. PMID 29764241. S2CID 21711274.
Speth, P. A. J.; Vree, T. B.; Neilen, N. F. M.; et al. (1987). "Propylene Glycol Pharmacokinetics and Effects after Intravenous Infusion in Humans". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 9 (3): 255–258. doi:10.1097/00007691-198709000-00001. PMID 3672566. S2CID 23317790.
Demey, H.; Daelemans, R.; De Broe, M.E.; Bossaert, L. (1984). "Propylene glycol intoxication due to intravenous nitroglycerin". The Lancet. 323 (8390): 1360. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91860-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 6145062. S2CID 36606490.
Warshaw, Erin M.; Botto, Nina C.; Maibach, Howard I.; et al. (January 2009). "Positive patch-test reactions to propylene glycol: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 1996 to 2006". Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug. 20 (1): 14–20. doi:10.2310/6620.2008.08039. ISSN 2162-5220. PMID 19321115. S2CID 959002.
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