Religion in China (English Wikipedia)

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Espesset (2008), pp. 2–3. Espesset, Grégoire (2008), "Latter Han Mass Religious Movements and the Early Daoist Church", in Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc (eds.), Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD), Leiden: Brill, pp. 1117–1158, ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0
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Espesset (2008), p. 18. Espesset, Grégoire (2008), "Latter Han Mass Religious Movements and the Early Daoist Church", in Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc (eds.), Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD), Leiden: Brill, pp. 1117–1158, ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0
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Bays (2012), pp. 7–15, 18–21. Bays, Daniel H. (2012). A New History of Christianity in China. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-5954-8.
Pankenier (2013), p. 55. Pankenier, David W. (2013). Astrology and Cosmology in Early China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00672-0.
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Lagerwey & Kalinowski (2008), p. 771, chapter: Nylan, Michael. "Classics Without Canonization: Learning and Authority in Qin and Han". Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc (2008). Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.
Lagerwey & Kalinowski (2008), p. 766, chapter: Nylan, Michael. "Classics Without Canonization: Learning and Authority in Qin and Han". Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc (2008). Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.
Lagerwey & Kalinowski (2008), p. 783, chapter: Bujard, Marianne. "State and Local Cults in Han Religion". Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc (2008). Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.
Lagerwey & Kalinowski (2008), p. 784, chapter: Bujard, Marianne. "State and Local Cults in Han Religion". Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc (2008). Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.
Bays (2012), pp. 84–87. Bays, Daniel H. (2012). A New History of Christianity in China. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-5954-8.
Bays (2012), pp. 107–113. Bays, Daniel H. (2012). A New History of Christianity in China. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-5954-8.
Bays (2012), pp. 159–166. Bays, Daniel H. (2012). A New History of Christianity in China. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-5954-8.
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Johnson (2017), p. 280. Johnson, Ian (2017). The Souls of China: The Return of Religion after Mao. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-1-101-87005-1.
Pregadio (2013), p. xv. Pregadio, Fabrizio (2013). The Encyclopedia of Taoism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79634-1.
Yao (2010), p. 9. Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
Yao (2010), p. 10. Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
Pregadio (2013), p. 326. Pregadio, Fabrizio (2013). The Encyclopedia of Taoism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79634-1.
Goossaert & Palmer (2011), p. 347, quoting: "[Since the 1990s] [...] a number of [...] lay salvationist groups (such as Xiantiandao in southern China and Hongyangism [弘阳教 Hóngyáng jiào] in Hebei) also successfully registered with the Taoist association, thus gaining legitimacy.". Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David (2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-30416-8.
Yao (2010), p. 39. Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
Yao (2010), pp. 10–11. Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
Yang (1961), p. 53. Yang, C.K. (1961). Religion in Chinese Society: A Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01371-9.
Yao (2010), pp. 114, 177. Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
Pregadio (2013), p. 1197. Pregadio, Fabrizio (2013). The Encyclopedia of Taoism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79634-1.
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Lü & Gong (2014), p. 64. Ch. Zhuo, Xinping. "Theories of Religion in Contemporary China". Lü, Daji; Gong, Xuezeng (2014). Marxism and Religion. Religious Studies in Contemporary China. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2802-2.
Lü & Gong (2014), p. 64. Lü, Daji; Gong, Xuezeng (2014). Marxism and Religion. Religious Studies in Contemporary China. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2802-2.
Lü & Gong (2014), p. 71. Lü, Daji; Gong, Xuezeng (2014). Marxism and Religion. Religious Studies in Contemporary China. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2802-2.
Lü & Gong (2014), p. 71. Ch. Zhuo, Xinping. "Theories of Religion in Contemporary China". Lü, Daji; Gong, Xuezeng (2014). Marxism and Religion. Religious Studies in Contemporary China. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2802-2.
Yao (2010), p. 81. Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
Yao (2010), p. 25. Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
Yao (2010), p. 28. Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
Yao (2010), p. 40. Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
Yao (2010), p. 116. Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
Yao (2010), pp. 114–116. Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
Yao (2010), p. 41. Yao, Xinzhong (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
Shahar & Weller (1996), p. 1. Shahar, Meir; Weller, Robert Paul (1996). Unruly Gods: Divinity and Society in China. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1724-9.
Fowler (2005), pp. 200–201. Fowler, Jeanine D. (2005). An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-84519-086-6.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Littlejohn (2010), pp. 35–37. Littlejohn, Ronnie (2010). Confucianism: An Introduction. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-174-0.
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Goossaert & Palmer (2011), p. 347. Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David (2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-30416-8.
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For China Family Panel Studies 2014 survey results, see release No. 1 (archived) and release No. 2 (archived). The tables also contain the results of CFPS 2012 (sample 20,035) and Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) results for 2006, 2008, and 2010 (samples ~10.000/11,000). For comparison, see 卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 (CFPS 2012 report), The World Religious Cultures, issue 2014. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) p. 13, reporting the results of the CGSS 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2011, and their average (fifth column of the first table).
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China Family Panel Studies 2012. Reported and compared with Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011 in Lu 卢, Yunfeng 云峰 (2014). "卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据" [Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data] (PDF). World Religious Cultures (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014.
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Overmyer (2009), p. 46. Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Overmyer (2009), p. 50. Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Overmyer (2009), p. 43. Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Overmyer (2009), p. 51. Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Overmyer (2009), p. 45. Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Overmyer (2009), p. 185: about Taoism in southeastern China: "Ethnographic research into the temple festivals and communal rituals celebrated within these god cults has revealed the widespread distribution of Daoist ritual traditions in this area, including especially Zhengyi (Celestial Master Daoism) and variants of Lushan Daoist ritual traditions. Various Buddhist ritual traditions (Pu'anjiao, Xianghua married monks and so on) are practised throughout this region, particularly for requiem services". (quoting Dean, Kenneth (2003). "Local Communal Religion in Contemporary Southeast China". In Overmyer, Daniel L. (ed.). Religion in China Today. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–34.) Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Overmyer (2009), pp. 12–13: "As for the physical and social structure of villages on this vast flat expanse; they consist of close groups of houses built on a raised area, surrounded by their fields, with a multi-surnamed population of families who own and cultivate their own land, though usually not much more than twenty mou or about three acres. [...] Families of different surnames living in one small community meant that lineages were not strong enough to maintain lineage shrines and cross-village organizations, so, at best, they owned small burial plots and took part only in intra-village activities. The old imperial government encouraged villages to manage themselves and collect and hand over their own taxes. [...] leaders were responsible for settling disputes, dealing with local government, organizing crop protection and planning for collective ceremonies. All these factors tended to strengthen the local protective deities and their temples as focal points of village identity and activity. This social context defines North China local religion, and keeps us from wandering off into vague discussions of 'popular' and 'elite' and relationships with Daoism and Buddhism." Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Overmyer (2009), p. xii. Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
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Chau, Adam Yuet (2005). "The Politics of Legitimation and the Revival of Popular Religion in Shaanbei, North-Central China" (PDF). Modern China. 31 (2): 236–278. doi:10.1177/0097700404274038. S2CID 144130739. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017.
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sinaimg.cn

ww4.sinaimg.cn

For China Family Panel Studies 2014 survey results, see release No. 1 (archived) and release No. 2 (archived). The tables also contain the results of CFPS 2012 (sample 20,035) and Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) results for 2006, 2008, and 2010 (samples ~10.000/11,000). For comparison, see 卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 (CFPS 2012 report), The World Religious Cultures, issue 2014. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) p. 13, reporting the results of the CGSS 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2011, and their average (fifth column of the first table).

sino-platonic.org

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Didier (2009), pp. xxxvii–xxxviii, Vol. I. Didier, John C. (2009). "In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200". Sino-Platonic Papers (192). Victor H. Mair. Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot, Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China, Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China.
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Data from the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2010 for Chinese ancestorists, and from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2009 for Christians. Reported in Wang, Xiuhua (2015). "Explaining Christianity in China: Why a Foreign Religion has Taken Root in Unfertile Ground" (PDF). Baylor University. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2015.

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Yang (2007), p. 226. Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui (2007). "Ritual Economy and Rural Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics" (PDF). In Held, David; Moore, Henrietta (eds.). Cultural Politics in a Global Age: Uncertainty, Solidarity and Innovation. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-550-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
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Fan & Chen (2013), p. 8, citing: Dean, Kenneth (2011). "Local Ritual Traditions of Southeast China: A Challenge to Definitions of Religion and Theories of Ritual". In Yang, Fenggang; Lang, Graeme. Social Scientific Study of Religion in China: Methodology, Theories, and Findings. Leiden: Brill. p. 134. Fan, Lizhu; Chen, Na (2013). "The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China" (PDF). China Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Preprint from The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195338522.013.024
Fan & Chen (2013), pp. 5–6. Fan, Lizhu; Chen, Na (2013). "The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China" (PDF). China Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Preprint from The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195338522.013.024
Fan & Chen (2013), p. 21. Fan, Lizhu; Chen, Na (2013). "The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China" (PDF). China Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Preprint from The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195338522.013.024
Fan & Chen (2013), p. 23. Fan, Lizhu; Chen, Na (2013). "The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China" (PDF). China Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Preprint from The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195338522.013.024

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Heberer, Thomas; Jakobi, Sabine (2000). "Henan – The Model: From Hegemonism to Fragmentism. Portrait of the Political Culture of China's Most Populated Province" (PDF). Duisburg Working Papers on East Asian Studies. No. 32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2016.

uni-leipzig.de

home.uni-leipzig.de

Clart (2014), p. 393: "[...] The problem started when the Taiwanese translator of my paper chose to render 'popular religion' literally as minjian zongjiao 民間宗教. The immediate association this term caused in the minds of many Taiwanese and practically all mainland Chinese participants in the conference was of popular sects (minjian jiaopai 民間教派), rather than the local and communal religious life that was the main focus of my paper." Clart, Philip (2014), "Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China" (PDF), in Wang, Chien-chuan; Li, Shiwei; Hong, Yingfa (eds.), Yanjiu xin shijie: "Mazu yu Huaren minjian xinyang" guoji yantaohui lunwenji, Taipei: Boyang, pp. 391–412, ISBN 978-0-19-959653-9
Clart (2014), pp. 402–406. Clart, Philip (2014), "Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China" (PDF), in Wang, Chien-chuan; Li, Shiwei; Hong, Yingfa (eds.), Yanjiu xin shijie: "Mazu yu Huaren minjian xinyang" guoji yantaohui lunwenji, Taipei: Boyang, pp. 391–412, ISBN 978-0-19-959653-9
Clart (2014), p. 409. Clart, Philip (2014), "Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China" (PDF), in Wang, Chien-chuan; Li, Shiwei; Hong, Yingfa (eds.), Yanjiu xin shijie: "Mazu yu Huaren minjian xinyang" guoji yantaohui lunwenji, Taipei: Boyang, pp. 391–412, ISBN 978-0-19-959653-9
Clart (2014), pp. 394–395. Clart, Philip (2014), "Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China" (PDF), in Wang, Chien-chuan; Li, Shiwei; Hong, Yingfa (eds.), Yanjiu xin shijie: "Mazu yu Huaren minjian xinyang" guoji yantaohui lunwenji, Taipei: Boyang, pp. 391–412, ISBN 978-0-19-959653-9
Clart (2014), pp. 393–409. Clart, Philip (2014), "Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China" (PDF), in Wang, Chien-chuan; Li, Shiwei; Hong, Yingfa (eds.), Yanjiu xin shijie: "Mazu yu Huaren minjian xinyang" guoji yantaohui lunwenji, Taipei: Boyang, pp. 391–412, ISBN 978-0-19-959653-9
Clart (2003), pp. 3–5. Clart, Philip (2003). "Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"?" (PDF). T'oung Pao. LXXXIX. Leiden, South Holland: Brill.
Clart (2014), p. 395. Clart, Philip (2014), "Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China" (PDF), in Wang, Chien-chuan; Li, Shiwei; Hong, Yingfa (eds.), Yanjiu xin shijie: "Mazu yu Huaren minjian xinyang" guoji yantaohui lunwenji, Taipei: Boyang, pp. 391–412, ISBN 978-0-19-959653-9

uqac.ca

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De Groot (1892), passim Vol. 6. De Groot, J.J.M. (1892). The Religious System of China: Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith. Leiden, South Holland: Brill. 6 volumes. Online: Les classiques des sciences sociales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi; Scribd: Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Vol. 4, Vol. 5, Vol. 6.

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Noack, Rick (14 April 2015). "Map: These are the world's least religious countries". The Washington Post. China tops the list of the world's least religious nations by far; it's followed by countries in Europe – about three fourth of all Swedish and Czech also said that they were either atheists or not religious. Although China's society has deep religious traditions, decades of Communist rule have installed a widespread atheistic materialism that still surprises many visitors.

web.archive.org

2023 approximations of the statistics from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) of the year 2018, as contained in the following analyses:
- "Measuring Religion in China" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 30 August 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2023."Measuring Religions in China". 30 August 2023. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023.
- For China Family Panel Studies 2014 survey results, see release No. 1 (archived) and release No. 2 (archived). The tables also contain the results of CFPS 2012 (sample 20,035) and Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) results for 2006, 2008, and 2010 (samples ~10.000/11,000). For comparison, see 卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 (CFPS 2012 report), The World Religious Cultures, issue 2014. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) p. 13, reporting the results of the CGSS 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2011, and their average (fifth column of the first table).
- Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina. "Statistics on Religions and Churches in the People's Republic of China – Update for the Year 2016" (PDF). Religions & Christianity in Today's China. VII (2): 26–53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2017.
- "China halts mosque demolition due to protest". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- Fan & Chen (2013), p. 9. Fan, Lizhu; Chen, Na (2013). "The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China" (PDF). China Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2013. Preprint from The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195338522.013.024
- Overmyer (2009), p. 46. Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- Liang, Yongjia (2016). "The Anthropological Study of Religion in China: Contexts, Collaborations, Debates and Trends" (PDF). Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series (250): 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2017.
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- Overmyer (2009), pp. 12–13: "As for the physical and social structure of villages on this vast flat expanse; they consist of close groups of houses built on a raised area, surrounded by their fields, with a multi-surnamed population of families who own and cultivate their own land, though usually not much more than twenty mou or about three acres. [...] Families of different surnames living in one small community meant that lineages were not strong enough to maintain lineage shrines and cross-village organizations, so, at best, they owned small burial plots and took part only in intra-village activities. The old imperial government encouraged villages to manage themselves and collect and hand over their own taxes. [...] leaders were responsible for settling disputes, dealing with local government, organizing crop protection and planning for collective ceremonies. All these factors tended to strengthen the local protective deities and their temples as focal points of village identity and activity. This social context defines North China local religion, and keeps us from wandering off into vague discussions of 'popular' and 'elite' and relationships with Daoism and Buddhism." Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- Overmyer (2009), p. xii. Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- Overmyer (2009), p. 10: "There were and are many such pilgrimages to regional and national temples in China, and of course such pilgrimages cannot always be clearly distinguished from festivals for the gods or saints of local communities, because such festivals can involve participants from surrounding villages and home communities celebrating the birthdays or death days of their patron gods or saints, whatever their appeal to those from other areas. People worship and petition at both pilgrimages and local festivals for similar reasons. The chief differences between the two are the central role of a journey in pilgrimages, the size of the area from which participants are attracted, and the role of pilgrimage societies in organizing the long trips that may be involved. [...] pilgrimage in China is also characterized by extensive planning and organization both by the host temples and those visiting them." Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- Overmyer (2009), p. 3: "[...] there are significant differences between aspects of local religion in the south and north, one of which is the gods who are worshiped."; p. 33: "[...] the veneration in the north of ancient deities attested to in pre-Han sources, deities such as Nüwa, Fuxi and Shennong, the legendary founder of agriculture and herbal medicine. In some instances these gods were worshiped at places believed to be where they originated, with indications of grottoes, temples and festivals for them, some of which continue to exist or have been revived. Of course, these gods were worshiped elsewhere in China as well, though perhaps not with the same sense of original geographical location." Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
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en.wiktionary.org

The characters yu 玉 (jade), huang 皇 ("emperor, sovereign, august"), wang 王 ("king"), as well as others pertaining to the same semantic field, have a common denominator in the concepts of gong 工 ("work, art, craft, artisan, bladed weapon, square and compass; gnomon, interpreter") and wu 巫 ("shaman, medium")^[158] in its archaic form ☩, with the same meaning of wan 卍 (swastika, ten thousand things, all being, universe).^[159] A king is a man or an entity who is able to merge himself with the axis mundi, the centre of the universe, bringing its order into reality. The ancient kings or emperors of the Chinese civilisation were shamans or priests, that is to say mediators of the divine rule.^[160]

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Zheng, VWT; Wan, PS. Religious beliefs and life experiences of Macao's residents 澳門居民的宗教信仰與生活經驗. On: Modern China Studies by Center for Modern China, 2010, v. 17 n. 4, p. 91-126. ISSN 2160-0295. «Drawing on empirical data obtained from three consecutive territory-wide household surveys conducted in 2005, 2007, and 2009 respectively, this paper attempts to shed light on the current religious profile of Macao residents.»

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