Turkmenistan (English Wikipedia)

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amnesty.org

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archive.today

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"Главная". Arzuw NEWS – новости Туркменистана. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.

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Clement, Victoria (21 October 2019). "Passing the baton in Turkmenistan". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 8 April 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.

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Халк Маслахаты стал самостоятельным законодательным органом, а парламент однопалатным (in Russian), RFE/RL, 23 January 2023
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bbc.com

"Satellites map huge methane plumes from oil and gas". BBC News. 4 February 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
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books.google.com

Казем-Заде (Kazem-Zade), Фируз (Firuz) (2017). Борьба за влияние в Персии. Дипломатическое противостояние России и Англии [Struggle for Influence in Persia. Diplomatic Confrontation between Russia and England] (in Russian). Центрполиграф (Centrpoligraph). ISBN 978-5457028937. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
Paul R. Spickard (2005). Race and Nation: Ethnic Systems in the Modern World. Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-415-95003-9.
Scott Cameron Levi (January 2002). The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade: 1550–1900. BRILL. p. 68. ISBN 978-90-04-12320-5.
Turkmenistan Country Study Guide Volume 1. Washington DC: International Business Publications. 2011. ISBN 9781438749082. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
Moya Flynn (2004). Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation: Reconstructing 'homes' and 'homelands'. Anthem Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-84331-117-1. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Peyrouse, Sebastien (12 February 2015). Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development. Routledge. p. 52. ISBN 9781317453260. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (5 September 2006). Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton University Press. p. 21. ISBN 9781400844296. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
Adle, Chahryar (1 January 2005). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period : from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century. UNESCO. p. 47. ISBN 9789231039850. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
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""Watan" DES elektrik energiýasynyň önümçiligini 1,4 esse artdyrar" (in Turkmen). Biznes Türkmenistan. 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.

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cacianalyst.org

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"Phone and internet in Turkmenistan". Caravanistan. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
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Stronski, Paul (22 May 2017). Независимому Туркменистану двадцать пять лет: цена авторитаризма. carnegie.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.

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*Gore, Hayden (2007). "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics). Denver: Josef Korbel School of International Studies: 107–116. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2021. * Williamson, Hugh (24 March 2022). "The internet is crucial". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily. * Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. ISBN 9789185937172. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * "Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas". Eurasianet. 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * "Nations in Transit: Turkemistan". Freedom House. 2016. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * Stronski, Paul (30 January 2017). "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.

caspiannews.com

Mukhtarli, Fuad (23 August 2017). "Turkmenistan Turns To Europe As Iran, Russia Shut Off Their Gas Markets". Caspian News. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.

centralasia.news

"Новости Центральной Азии". centralasia.news. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
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chrono-tm.org

"The results of census in Turkmenistan | Chronicles of Turkmenistan". Archived from the original on 6 October 2016.

cia.gov

"Turkmenistan". 3 August 2022. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
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cnpc.com.cn

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constituteproject.org

"Turkmenistan's Constitution of 2008" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
"Turkmenistan's Constitution of 2008 with Amendments through 2016" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.

cottoncampaign.org

"Turkmenistan's Forced Labor Problem". Cotton Campaign. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.

countrystudies.us

Curtis, Glenn (1996). Turkmenistan: A Country Study. Washington DC: The Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2021.

cpj.org

"10 Most Censored Countries". Cpj.org. Retrieved 30 January 2012.

crudeaccountability.org

"Turkmenistan: A Model Kleptocracy" (PDF). Crude Accountability. June 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.

dailysabah.com

AA, DAILY SABAH WITH (17 November 2021). "'Turkmenistan's new status in Turkic States significant development'". Daily Sabah. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.

demoscope.ru

"Ethnic composition of Turkmenistan in 2001". Demoscope Weekly (37–38). 14 April 2001. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
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docplayer.biz.tr

Çaryýew, B.; Ilamanow, Ýa. (2010). Türkmenistanyň Geografiýasy (in Turkmen). Ashgabat: Bilim Ministrligi. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.

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*Gore, Hayden (2007). "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics). Denver: Josef Korbel School of International Studies: 107–116. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2021. * Williamson, Hugh (24 March 2022). "The internet is crucial". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily. * Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. ISBN 9789185937172. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * "Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas". Eurasianet. 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * "Nations in Transit: Turkemistan". Freedom House. 2016. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * Stronski, Paul (30 January 2017). "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.

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*Gore, Hayden (2007). "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics). Denver: Josef Korbel School of International Studies: 107–116. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2021. * Williamson, Hugh (24 March 2022). "The internet is crucial". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily. * Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. ISBN 9789185937172. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * "Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas". Eurasianet. 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * "Nations in Transit: Turkemistan". Freedom House. 2016. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * Stronski, Paul (30 January 2017). "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.

eurasianet.org

*Gore, Hayden (2007). "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics). Denver: Josef Korbel School of International Studies: 107–116. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2021. * Williamson, Hugh (24 March 2022). "The internet is crucial". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily. * Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. ISBN 9789185937172. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * "Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas". Eurasianet. 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * "Nations in Transit: Turkemistan". Freedom House. 2016. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * Stronski, Paul (30 January 2017). "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
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*Gore, Hayden (2007). "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics). Denver: Josef Korbel School of International Studies: 107–116. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2021. * Williamson, Hugh (24 March 2022). "The internet is crucial". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily. * Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. ISBN 9789185937172. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * "Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas". Eurasianet. 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * "Nations in Transit: Turkemistan". Freedom House. 2016. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. * Stronski, Paul (30 January 2017). "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
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ghostarchive.org

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hrw.org

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