Sejarah kimia (Indonesian Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Sejarah kimia" in Indonesian language version.

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  • Seyferth, Dietmar (2001). "Cadet's Fuming Arsenical Liquid and the Cacodyl Compounds of Bunsen". Organometallics. 20 (8): 1488–1498. doi:10.1021/om0101947. 
  • First total synthesis of taxol 1. Functionalization of the B ring Robert A. Holton, Carmen Somoza, Hyeong Baik Kim, Feng Liang, Ronald J. Biediger, P. Douglas Boatman, Mitsuru Shindo, Chase C. Smith, Soekchan Kim, et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1994; 116(4); 1597–1598. DOI Abstract
  • First total synthesis of taxol. 2. Completion of the C and D rings Robert A. Holton, Hyeong Baik Kim, Carmen Somoza, Feng Liang, Ronald J. Biediger, P. Douglas Boatman, Mitsuru Shindo, Chase C. Smith, Soekchan Kim, and et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1994; 116(4) pp 1599–1600 DOI Abstract
  • A synthesis of taxusin Robert A. Holton, R. R. Juo, Hyeong B. Kim, Andrew D. Williams, Shinya Harusawa, Richard E. Lowenthal, Sadamu Yogai J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1988; 110(19); 6558–6560. Abstract

aist.go.jp

archive.org

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books.google.com

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realscience.breckschool.org

chemistryexplained.com

chemteam.info

columbia.edu

  • "History of Chemistry". Intensive General Chemistry. Columbia University Department of Chemistry Undergraduate Program. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-24. 

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  • "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". History of Gas Chemistry. Center for Microscale Gas Chemistry, Creighton University. 2005-09-11. Diakses tanggal 2007-02-23. 

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  • Cooper, Alan (1999). "Joseph Black". History of Glasgow University Chemistry Department. University of Glasgow Department of Chemistry. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-04-10. Diakses tanggal 2006-02-23. 

gold-eagle.com

harvard.edu

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history-science-technology.com

  • Kraus, Paul, Jâbir ibn Hayyân, Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque,. Cairo (1942-1943). Repr. By Fuat Sezgin, (Natural Sciences in Islam. 67-68), Frankfurt. 2002:

    "To form an idea of the historical place of Jabir's alchemy and to tackle the problem of its sources, it is advisable to compare it with what remains to us of the alchemical literature in the Greek language. One knows in which miserable state this literature reached us. Collected by Byzantine scientists from the tenth century, the corpus of the Greek alchemists is a cluster of incoherent fragments, going back to all the times since the third century until the end of the Middle Ages."

    "Untuk membentuk sebuah gagasan tentang tempat historis alkimia Jabir dan untuk mengatasi masalah sumber-sumbernya, disarankan untuk membandingkannya dengan literatur alkimia yang tersisa dalam bahasa Yunani. Kita tahu bagaimana menyedihkannya literatur ini ketika sampai pada kita. Dikumpulkan oleh ilmuwan Bizantium dari abad kesepuluh, korpus alkimia Yunani adalah kumpulan fragmen yang tidak koheren, kembali ke masa lalu sejak abad ketiga sampai akhir Abad Pertengahan."

    "The efforts of Berthelot and Ruelle to put a little order in this mass of literature led only to poor results, and the later researchers, among them in particular Mrs. Hammer-Jensen, Tannery, Lagercrantz, von Lippmann, Reitzenstein, Ruska, Bidez, Festugiere and others, could make clear only few points of detail…

    "Upaya Berthelot dan Ruelle untuk membuat literatur ini sedikit lebih teratur hanya menghasilkan sedikit hasil, dan peneliti selanjutnya, di antaranya khususnya Mrs. Hammer-Jensen, Tannery, Lagercrantz, von Lippmann, Reitzenstein, Ruska, Bidez, Festugiere dan lainnya, bisa menjelaskan beberapa detail saja ...

    The study of the Greek alchemists is not very encouraging. An even surface examination of the Greek texts shows that a very small part only was organized according to true experiments of laboratory: even the supposedly technical writings, in the state where we find them today, are unintelligible nonsense which refuses any interpretation.

    Studi tentang alkimiawan Yunani tidak terlalu menggembirakan. Bahkan pemeriksaan permukaan yang serupa dengan teks-teks Yunani menunjukkan bahwa hanya sebagian sangat kecil yang diatur menurut percobaan laboratorium yang benar: bahkan tulisan-tulisan teknis yang seharusnya, di negara tempat kita menemukannya sekarang, adalah omong kosong yang menolak penafsiran apapun.

    It is different with Jabir's alchemy. The relatively clear description of the processes and the alchemical apparatuses, the methodical classification of the substances, mark an experimental spirit which is extremely far away from the weird and odd esotericism of the Greek texts. The theory on which Jabir supports his operations is one of clearness and of an impressive unity. More than with the other Arab authors, one notes with him a balance between theoretical teaching and practical teaching, between the `ilm and the `amal. In vain one would seek in the Greek texts a work as systematic as that which is presented for example in the Book of Seventy."

    Berbeda dengan alkimia Jabir. Gambaran yang relatif jelas tentang proses dan peranti alkimia, klasifikasi metodologis zat, menandai semangat eksperimental yang sangat jauh dari esoterisisme aneh dan ajaib dalam teks-teks Yunani. Teori yang mendukung Jabir dalam operasinya adalah salah satu kejelasan dan kesatuan yang mengesankan. Melampaui penulis Arab lainnya, Jabir adalah seseorang memperhatikan keseimbangan antara pengajaran teoretis dan pengajaran praktis, antara `ilm dan `amal. Sia-sia orang yang mencari dalam teks-teks Yunani sebuah karya sesistematis ini seperti yang disajikan misalnya di dalam Book of Seventy."

    (cf. Ahmad Y Hassan. "A Critical Reassessment of the Geber Problem: Part Three". Diakses tanggal 2008-08-09. )

humantouchofchemistry.com

ideafinder.com

independent.co.uk

itia.info

  • "ITIA Newsletter" (PDF). International Tungsten Industry Association. June 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal July 21, 2011. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-18. 
  • "ITIA Newsletter" (PDF). International Tungsten Industry Association. December 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal July 21, 2011. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-18. 

jstor.org

lemoyne.edu

web.lemoyne.edu

  • Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry
  • Gay-Lussac, J. L. (L'An X – 1802), "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs", Annales de chimie, 43: 137–175  . English translation (extract).
    On page 157, Gay-Lussac mentions the unpublished findings of Charles: "Avant d'aller plus loin, je dois prévenir que quoique j'eusse reconnu un grand nombre de fois que les gaz oxigène, azote, hydrogène et acide carbonique, et l'air atmosphérique se dilatent également depuis 0° jusqu'a 80°, le cit. Charles avait remarqué depuis 15 ans la même propriété dans ces gaz ; mais n'avant jamais publié ses résultats, c'est par le plus grand hasard que je les ai connus." (Before going further, I should inform [you] that although I had recognized many times that the gases oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbonic acid [i.e., carbon dioxide], and atmospheric air also expand from 0° to 80°, citizen Charles had noticed 15 years ago the same property in these gases; but having never published his results, it is by the merest chance that I knew of them.)

mit.edu

classics.mit.edu

nature.com

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nist.gov

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oxforddnb.com

photometer.com

picturehistory.com

rubicon-foundation.org

archive.rubicon-foundation.org

runeberg.org

st-and.ac.uk

www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk

  • O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E.F. (1997). "Josiah Willard Gibbs". MacTutor. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-24. 

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stonepages.com

ucc.ie

understandingscience.ucc.ie

uiuc.edu

scs.uiuc.edu

unhas.ac.id

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  • Asarnow, Herman (2005-08-08). "Sir Francis Bacon: Empiricism". An Image-Oriented Introduction to Backgrounds for English Renaissance Literature. University of Portland. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-02-01. Diakses tanggal 2007-02-22. 

utm.edu

iep.utm.edu

web.archive.org

wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

  • Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I: Our Oriental Heritage:

    "Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India, and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times, when India was looked to, even by Imperial Rome, as the most skilled of the nations in such chemical industries as dyeing, tanning, soap-making, glass and cement... By the sixth century the Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry; they were masters of calcinations, distillation, sublimation, steaming, fixation, the production of light without heat, the mixing of anesthetic and soporific powders, and the preparation of metallic salts, compounds and alloys. The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India to a perfection unknown in Europe till our own times; King Porus is said to have selected, as a specially valuable gift from Alexander, not gold or silver, but thirty pounds of steel. The Moslems took much of this Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe; the secret of manufacturing "Damascus" blades, for example, was taken by the Arabs from the Persians, and by the Persians from India."

    Sesuatu telah dikatakan tentang keunggulan kimia besi tuang di India kuno, dan tentang perkembangan industri yang tinggi pada masa Gupta, ketika India dipandang, bahkan oleh Kekaisaran Roma, sebagai negara yang paling terampil di bidang industri kimia seperti mewarnai, penyamakan, pembuatan sabun, kaca dan semen ... Pada abad keenam, orang-orang Hindu jauh melampaui bangsa Eropa dalam bidang kimia industri; mereka adalah ahli kalsinasi, distilasi, sublimasi, pengukusan, fiksasi, membuat cahaya tanpa panas, pencampuran bubuk anestesi dan soporifik, serta pembuatan garam, senyawa dan paduan logam. Penempaan baja dibawa ke India kuno sampai mencapai kesempurnaan yang tak terbayangkan di Eropa hingga saat ini; Raja Porus dikatakan telah memilih, sebagai hadiah istimewa dari Alexander, bukan emas atau perak, tapi tiga puluh pon baja. Orang-orang Islam mengambil sebagian besar ilmu kimia dan industri kimia Hindu ini ke Timur Dekat dan Eropa; rahasia manufaktur belati "Damaskus", misalnya, diambil oleh orang-orang Arab dari Persia, dan oleh Persia dari India.

  • Will Durant (1935), Our Oriental Heritage:

    "Two systems of Hindu thought propound physical theories suggestively similar to those of Greece. Kanada, founder of the Vaisheshika philosophy, held that the world was composed of atoms as many in kind as the various elements. The Jains more nearly approximated to Democritus by teaching that all atoms were of the same kind, producing different effects by diverse modes of combinations. Kanada believed light and heat to be varieties of the same substance; Udayana taught that all heat comes from the sun; and Vachaspati, like Newton, interpreted light as composed of minute particles emitted by substances and striking the eye."

    "Dua sistem pemikiran Hindu mengemukakan teori fisika yang secara sugestif mirip dengan Yunani. Kanada, pendiri filsafat Vaisheshika, berpendapat bahwa dunia terdiri dari atom-atom yang sama banyak dengan berbagai unsur. Orang-orang Jain lebih mendekati Demokritus dengan mengajarkan bahwa semua atom memiliki jenis yang sama, menghasilkan efek yang berbeda dengan beragam cara kombinasi. Kanada percaya bahwa cahaya dan panas menjadi varietas dari zat yang sama; Udyanacharya mengajarkan bahwa semua panas berasal dari matahari; dan Vachaspati, seperti Newton, menafsirkan cahaya sebagai sesuatu yang terdiri dari partikel-partikel kecil yang dipancarkan oleh zat-zat dan mencolok mata."

  • Kraus, Paul, Jâbir ibn Hayyân, Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque,. Cairo (1942-1943). Repr. By Fuat Sezgin, (Natural Sciences in Islam. 67-68), Frankfurt. 2002:

    "To form an idea of the historical place of Jabir's alchemy and to tackle the problem of its sources, it is advisable to compare it with what remains to us of the alchemical literature in the Greek language. One knows in which miserable state this literature reached us. Collected by Byzantine scientists from the tenth century, the corpus of the Greek alchemists is a cluster of incoherent fragments, going back to all the times since the third century until the end of the Middle Ages."

    "Untuk membentuk sebuah gagasan tentang tempat historis alkimia Jabir dan untuk mengatasi masalah sumber-sumbernya, disarankan untuk membandingkannya dengan literatur alkimia yang tersisa dalam bahasa Yunani. Kita tahu bagaimana menyedihkannya literatur ini ketika sampai pada kita. Dikumpulkan oleh ilmuwan Bizantium dari abad kesepuluh, korpus alkimia Yunani adalah kumpulan fragmen yang tidak koheren, kembali ke masa lalu sejak abad ketiga sampai akhir Abad Pertengahan."

    "The efforts of Berthelot and Ruelle to put a little order in this mass of literature led only to poor results, and the later researchers, among them in particular Mrs. Hammer-Jensen, Tannery, Lagercrantz, von Lippmann, Reitzenstein, Ruska, Bidez, Festugiere and others, could make clear only few points of detail…

    "Upaya Berthelot dan Ruelle untuk membuat literatur ini sedikit lebih teratur hanya menghasilkan sedikit hasil, dan peneliti selanjutnya, di antaranya khususnya Mrs. Hammer-Jensen, Tannery, Lagercrantz, von Lippmann, Reitzenstein, Ruska, Bidez, Festugiere dan lainnya, bisa menjelaskan beberapa detail saja ...

    The study of the Greek alchemists is not very encouraging. An even surface examination of the Greek texts shows that a very small part only was organized according to true experiments of laboratory: even the supposedly technical writings, in the state where we find them today, are unintelligible nonsense which refuses any interpretation.

    Studi tentang alkimiawan Yunani tidak terlalu menggembirakan. Bahkan pemeriksaan permukaan yang serupa dengan teks-teks Yunani menunjukkan bahwa hanya sebagian sangat kecil yang diatur menurut percobaan laboratorium yang benar: bahkan tulisan-tulisan teknis yang seharusnya, di negara tempat kita menemukannya sekarang, adalah omong kosong yang menolak penafsiran apapun.

    It is different with Jabir's alchemy. The relatively clear description of the processes and the alchemical apparatuses, the methodical classification of the substances, mark an experimental spirit which is extremely far away from the weird and odd esotericism of the Greek texts. The theory on which Jabir supports his operations is one of clearness and of an impressive unity. More than with the other Arab authors, one notes with him a balance between theoretical teaching and practical teaching, between the `ilm and the `amal. In vain one would seek in the Greek texts a work as systematic as that which is presented for example in the Book of Seventy."

    Berbeda dengan alkimia Jabir. Gambaran yang relatif jelas tentang proses dan peranti alkimia, klasifikasi metodologis zat, menandai semangat eksperimental yang sangat jauh dari esoterisisme aneh dan ajaib dalam teks-teks Yunani. Teori yang mendukung Jabir dalam operasinya adalah salah satu kejelasan dan kesatuan yang mengesankan. Melampaui penulis Arab lainnya, Jabir adalah seseorang memperhatikan keseimbangan antara pengajaran teoretis dan pengajaran praktis, antara `ilm dan `amal. Sia-sia orang yang mencari dalam teks-teks Yunani sebuah karya sesistematis ini seperti yang disajikan misalnya di dalam Book of Seventy."

    (cf. Ahmad Y Hassan. "A Critical Reassessment of the Geber Problem: Part Three". Diakses tanggal 2008-08-09. )

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scienceworld.wolfram.com

worldcat.org