Carrillo, Camilo N. (1892) "Disertación sobre las corrientes oceánicas y estudios de la correinte Peruana ó de Humboldt" (Dissertation on the ocean currents and studies of the Peruvian, or Humboldt's, current), Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, 2 : 72–110. [in Spanish] From p. 84:"Los marinos paiteños que navegan frecuentemente cerca de la costa y en embarcaciones pequeñas, ya al norte ó al sur de Paita, conocen esta corriente y la denomination Corriente del Niño, sin duda porque ella se hace mas visible y palpable después de la Pascua de Navidad." (The sailors [from the city of] Paita who sail often near the coast and in small boats, to the north or the south of Paita, know this current and call it "the current of the Boy [el Niño]", undoubtedly because it becomes more visible and palpable after the Christmas season.)
Eguiguren, D. Victor (1894) "Las lluvias de Piura" (The rains of Piura), Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, 4 : 241-258. [in Spanish] From p. 257:"Finalmente, la época en que se presenta la corriente de Niño, es la misma de las lluvias en aquella región." (Finally, the period in which the El Niño current is present is the same as that of the rains in that region [i.e., the city of Piura, Peru].)
Lartigue (1827) (フランス語). Description de la C?te Du P?rou, Entre 19° et 16° 20' de Latitude Sud, ... [Description of the Coast of Peru, Between 19° and 16° 20' South Latitude, ...]. Paris, France: L'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 22-23. https://books.google.com/books?id=us33ALotzJcC&pg=PA22 From pp. 22-23: "Il est néanmoins nécessaire, au sujet de cette règle générale, de faire part d'une exception ... dépassé le port de sa destination de plus de 2 ou 3 lieues; ... " (It is nevertheless necessary, with regard to this general rule, to announce an exception which, in some circumstances, might shorten the sailing. One said above that the breeze was sometimes quite fresh [i.e., strong], and that then the counter-current, which bore southward along the land, stretched some miles in length; it is obvious that one will have to tack in this counter-current, whenever the wind's force will permit it and whenever one will not have gone past the port of one's destination by more than 2 or 3 leagues; ...)
“Who Discovered the El Nino-Southern Oscillation?”. Presidential Symposium on the History of the Atmospheric Sciences: People, Discoveries, and Technologies. American Meteorological Society (AMS). 1 December 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。18 December 2015閲覧。
Kim, WonMoo; Wenju Cai (2013). “Second peak in the far eastern Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly following strong El Nino events”. Geophys. Res. Lett.40 (17): 4751-4755. Bibcode: 2013GeoRL..40.4751K. doi:10.1002/grl.50697.
Carrè, Matthieu et al. (2005). “Strong El Niño events during the early Holocene: stable isotope evidence from Peruvian sea shells”. The Holocene15 (1): 42–7. Bibcode: 2005Holoc..15...42C. doi:10.1191/0959683605h1782rp.
Trenberth, Kevin E.; Hoar, Timothy J. (January 1996). “The 1990-95 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event: Longest on record”. Geophysical Research Letters23 (1): 57-60. Bibcode: 1996GeoRL..23...57T. doi:10.1029/95GL03602.
Trenberth, K. E. et al. (2002). “Evolution of El Niño - Southern Oscillation and global atmospheric surface temperatures”. Journal of Geophysical Research107 (D8): 4065. Bibcode: 2002JGRD..107.4065T. doi:10.1029/2000JD000298.
Larkin, N. K.; Harrison, D. E. (2005). “On the definition of El Nino and associated seasonal average U.S. Weather anomalies”. Geophysical Research Letters32 (13): L13705. Bibcode: 2005GeoRL..3213705L. doi:10.1029/2005GL022738.
Ashok, K.; S. K. Behera; S. A. Rao; H. Weng & T. Yamagata (2007). “El Nino Modoki and its possible teleconnection”. Journal of Geophysical Research112 (C11): C11007. Bibcode: 2007JGRC..11211007A. doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.
Nicholls, N. (2008). “Recent trends in the seasonal and temporal behaviour of the El Nino Southern Oscillation”. Geophys. Res. Lett.35 (19): L19703. Bibcode: 2008GeoRL..3519703N. doi:10.1029/2008GL034499.
McPhaden, M.J.; Lee, T.; McClurg, D. (2011). “El Nino and its relationship to changing background conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean”. Geophys. Res. Lett.38 (15): L15709. Bibcode: 2011GeoRL..3815709M. doi:10.1029/2011GL048275.
Hanna Na; Bong-Geun Jang; Won-Moon Choi; Kwang-Yul Kim (2011). “Statistical simulations of the future 50-year statistics of cold-tongue El Nino and warm-pool El Nino”. Asia-Pacific J. Atmos. Sci.47 (3): 223-233. Bibcode: 2011APJAS..47..223N. doi:10.1007/s13143-011-0011-1.
L'Heureux, M.; Collins, D.; Hu, Z.-Z. (2012). “Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Nino-Southern Oscillation”. Climate Dynamics40 (5-6): 1-14. Bibcode: 2013ClDy...40.1223L. doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1331-2.
Emily Becker (2016). “How Much Do El Niño and La Niña Affect Our Weather? This fickle and influential climate pattern often gets blamed for extreme weather. A closer look at the most recent cycle shows that the truth is more subtle”. Scientific American315 (4): 68-75. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1016-68. PMID27798565.
Enfield, David B.; Mayer, Dennis A. (1997). “Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability and its relation to El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation”. Journal of Geophysical Research102 (C1): 929?945. Bibcode: 1997JGR...102..929E. doi:10.1029/96JC03296.
Lee, Sang-Ki; Chunzai Wang (2008). “Why do some El Ni?os have no impact on tropical North Atlantic SST?”. Geophysical Research Letters35 (L16705): L16705. Bibcode: 2008GeoRL..3516705L. doi:10.1029/2008GL034734.
Ineson, S.; Scaife, A. A. (7 December 2008). “The role of the stratosphere in the European climate response to El Niño”. Nature Geoscience2 (1): 32-36. Bibcode: 2009NatGe...2...32I. doi:10.1038/ngeo381.
Ronald A. Christensen and Richard F. Eilbert and Orley H. Lindgren and Laurel L. Rans (1981). “Successful Hydrologic Forecasting for California Using an Information Theoretic Model”. Journal of Applied Meteorology20 (6): 706-712. Bibcode: 1981JApMe...20.706C. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0706:SHFFCU>2.0.CO;2.
Martínez-Ballesté, Andrea; Ezcurra, Exequiel (2018). “Reconstruction of past climatic events using oxygen isotopes in Washingtonia robusta growing in three anthropic oases in Baja California”. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana70 (1): 79-94. doi:10.18268/BSGM2018v70n1a5.
Kim, WonMoo; Wenju Cai (2013). “Second peak in the far eastern Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly following strong El Nino events”. Geophys. Res. Lett.40 (17): 4751-4755. Bibcode: 2013GeoRL..40.4751K. doi:10.1002/grl.50697.
Carrè, Matthieu et al. (2005). “Strong El Niño events during the early Holocene: stable isotope evidence from Peruvian sea shells”. The Holocene15 (1): 42–7. Bibcode: 2005Holoc..15...42C. doi:10.1191/0959683605h1782rp.
Trenberth, Kevin E.; Hoar, Timothy J. (January 1996). “The 1990-95 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event: Longest on record”. Geophysical Research Letters23 (1): 57-60. Bibcode: 1996GeoRL..23...57T. doi:10.1029/95GL03602.
Trenberth, K. E. et al. (2002). “Evolution of El Niño - Southern Oscillation and global atmospheric surface temperatures”. Journal of Geophysical Research107 (D8): 4065. Bibcode: 2002JGRD..107.4065T. doi:10.1029/2000JD000298.
Larkin, N. K.; Harrison, D. E. (2005). “On the definition of El Nino and associated seasonal average U.S. Weather anomalies”. Geophysical Research Letters32 (13): L13705. Bibcode: 2005GeoRL..3213705L. doi:10.1029/2005GL022738.
Ashok, K.; S. K. Behera; S. A. Rao; H. Weng & T. Yamagata (2007). “El Nino Modoki and its possible teleconnection”. Journal of Geophysical Research112 (C11): C11007. Bibcode: 2007JGRC..11211007A. doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.
Nicholls, N. (2008). “Recent trends in the seasonal and temporal behaviour of the El Nino Southern Oscillation”. Geophys. Res. Lett.35 (19): L19703. Bibcode: 2008GeoRL..3519703N. doi:10.1029/2008GL034499.
McPhaden, M.J.; Lee, T.; McClurg, D. (2011). “El Nino and its relationship to changing background conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean”. Geophys. Res. Lett.38 (15): L15709. Bibcode: 2011GeoRL..3815709M. doi:10.1029/2011GL048275.
Hanna Na; Bong-Geun Jang; Won-Moon Choi; Kwang-Yul Kim (2011). “Statistical simulations of the future 50-year statistics of cold-tongue El Nino and warm-pool El Nino”. Asia-Pacific J. Atmos. Sci.47 (3): 223-233. Bibcode: 2011APJAS..47..223N. doi:10.1007/s13143-011-0011-1.
L'Heureux, M.; Collins, D.; Hu, Z.-Z. (2012). “Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Nino-Southern Oscillation”. Climate Dynamics40 (5-6): 1-14. Bibcode: 2013ClDy...40.1223L. doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1331-2.
Enfield, David B.; Mayer, Dennis A. (1997). “Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability and its relation to El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation”. Journal of Geophysical Research102 (C1): 929?945. Bibcode: 1997JGR...102..929E. doi:10.1029/96JC03296.
Lee, Sang-Ki; Chunzai Wang (2008). “Why do some El Ni?os have no impact on tropical North Atlantic SST?”. Geophysical Research Letters35 (L16705): L16705. Bibcode: 2008GeoRL..3516705L. doi:10.1029/2008GL034734.
Ineson, S.; Scaife, A. A. (7 December 2008). “The role of the stratosphere in the European climate response to El Niño”. Nature Geoscience2 (1): 32-36. Bibcode: 2009NatGe...2...32I. doi:10.1038/ngeo381.
Ronald A. Christensen and Richard F. Eilbert and Orley H. Lindgren and Laurel L. Rans (1981). “Successful Hydrologic Forecasting for California Using an Information Theoretic Model”. Journal of Applied Meteorology20 (6): 706-712. Bibcode: 1981JApMe...20.706C. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0706:SHFFCU>2.0.CO;2.
K.E. Trenberth; P.D. Jones; P. Ambenje; R. Bojariu; D. Easterling; A. Klein Tank; D. Parker; F. Rahimzadeh et al.. “Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change”. In Solomon, S.; D. Qin; M. Manning et al.. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. The contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 235?336. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3.html
Emily Becker (2016). “How Much Do El Niño and La Niña Affect Our Weather? This fickle and influential climate pattern often gets blamed for extreme weather. A closer look at the most recent cycle shows that the truth is more subtle”. Scientific American315 (4): 68-75. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1016-68. PMID27798565.
“El Niño and La Niña”. New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (27 February 2007). 19 March 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。11 April 2016閲覧。
"Droughts in Australia: Their causes, duration, and effect: The views of three government astronomers [R.L.J. Ellery, H.C. Russell, and C. Todd]," The Australasian (Melbourne, Victoria), 29 December 1888, pp. 1455?1456. From p. 1456:Archived 16 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. "Australian and Indian Weather" : "Comparing our records with those of India, I find a close correspondence or similarity of seasons with regard to the prevalence of drought, and there can be little or no doubt that severe droughts occur as a rule simultaneously over the two countries."
Walker, G. T. (1924) "Correlation in seasonal variations of weather. IX. A further study of world weather," Memoirs of the Indian Meteorological Department, 24 : 275-332. From p. 283: "There is also a slight tendency two quarters later towards an increase of pressure in S. America and of Peninsula [i.e., Indian] rainfall, and a decrease of pressure in Australia : this is part of the main oscillation described in the previous paper* which will in future be called the 'southern' oscillation." Available at: Royal Meteorological SocietyArchived 18 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
samet.gov.ws
“Climate Summary January 2016”. Samoa Meteorology Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (January 2016). 2021年5月2日閲覧。
"Droughts in Australia: Their causes, duration, and effect: The views of three government astronomers [R.L.J. Ellery, H.C. Russell, and C. Todd]," The Australasian (Melbourne, Victoria), 29 December 1888, pp. 1455?1456. From p. 1456:Archived 16 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. "Australian and Indian Weather" : "Comparing our records with those of India, I find a close correspondence or similarity of seasons with regard to the prevalence of drought, and there can be little or no doubt that severe droughts occur as a rule simultaneously over the two countries."
Walker, G. T. (1924) "Correlation in seasonal variations of weather. IX. A further study of world weather," Memoirs of the Indian Meteorological Department, 24 : 275-332. From p. 283: "There is also a slight tendency two quarters later towards an increase of pressure in S. America and of Peninsula [i.e., Indian] rainfall, and a decrease of pressure in Australia : this is part of the main oscillation described in the previous paper* which will in future be called the 'southern' oscillation." Available at: Royal Meteorological SocietyArchived 18 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
“Who Discovered the El Nino-Southern Oscillation?”. Presidential Symposium on the History of the Atmospheric Sciences: People, Discoveries, and Technologies. American Meteorological Society (AMS). 1 December 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。18 December 2015閲覧。
“El Niño and La Niña”. New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (27 February 2007). 19 March 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。11 April 2016閲覧。
