Charleston, South Carolina (English Wikipedia)

"Volvo shows off its new car plant in South Carolina". Autoblog. June 20, 2018. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.

bernews.com

"Row over Statue to Bermudian's Slave", Bernews, January 3, 2011, archived from the original on October 9, 2013, retrieved November 10, 2013

books.google.com

Edgar (1998), p. 61 Edgar, Walter B. (1998), South Carolina: A History, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 9781570032554
Michael P. Johnson; James L. Roark (1986). Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-393-24548-6. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
Edgar (1998), p. 67 Edgar, Walter B. (1998), South Carolina: A History, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 9781570032554
Kars, Marjoleine (2008). "1739 – Stono Rebellion". In Campbell, Ballard C. (ed.). Disasters, Accidents, and Crises in American History: A Reference Guide to the Nation's Most Catastrophic Events. New York: Facts on File. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-8160-6603-2.
Diouf (1998), p. 273.
Sullivan, Mark, ed. (2015), "Building Boom", Charleston, with Hilton Head and the Lowcountry, 4th ed., New York: Fodor's Travel, p. 59, archived from the original on June 17, 2022, retrieved August 25, 2017
McCandless (2011), p. 89. McCandless, Peter (2011). Slavery, Disease, and Suffering in the Southern Lowcountry. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139499149.
McInnis (2005), p. 28 McInnis, Maurie D. (2005), The Politics of Taste in Antebellum Charleston, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 9781469625997
Thompson (2015), p. 48 Thompson, Michael D. (2015), Working on the Dock of the Bay: Labor and Enterprise in an Antebellum Southern Port, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 9781611174755
Thompson (2015), p. 49 Thompson, Michael D. (2015), Working on the Dock of the Bay: Labor and Enterprise in an Antebellum Southern Port, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 9781611174755
Thompson (2015), pp. 49–50 Thompson, Michael D. (2015), Working on the Dock of the Bay: Labor and Enterprise in an Antebellum Southern Port, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 9781611174755
McInnis (2005), p. 225 ff McInnis, Maurie D. (2005), The Politics of Taste in Antebellum Charleston, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 9781469625997
McInnis (2005), p. 29 McInnis, Maurie D. (2005), The Politics of Taste in Antebellum Charleston, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 9781469625997
Curtis, Nancy C. (1996), "Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church", Black Heritage Sites: An African American Odyssey and Finder's Guide, Chicago: American Library Association, ISBN 978-0-838-90643-9, OCLC 45885630, archived from the original on May 6, 2016, retrieved August 25, 2017
Frazier & al. (2016), p. 70 Frazier, Herb; Bernard Edward Powers Jr.; Wentworth, Marjory (2016), We Are Charleston: Tragedy and Triumph at Mother Emanuel, Nashville: W Publishing, ISBN 9780718041496.
Robertson, David M. (1999), Denmark Vesey: The Buried Story of America's Largest Slave Rebellion and the Man who Led It, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 37, ISBN 9780307483737
Diouf, Sylviane Anna (1998), Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas, New York: New York University Press, p. 121, ISBN 9781479830510
Thomas Holt, Black Over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina During Reconstruction Archived January 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, University of Illinois Press, 1979, p.43
United States Bureau of Fisheries (1879). Report on the Condition of the Sea Fisheries of the South Coast of New England. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 166, 169, 228, 529. Retrieved November 9, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Horton, Tom (2014), "Touring Charleston Back in 1912", History's Lost Moments, Vol. V, Trafford, p. 182
McCray, Jack (June 6, 2007). Charleston Jazz. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 11, 12. ISBN 978-0-7385-4350-5. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
McCray, Jack (June 6, 2007). Charleston Jazz. Arcadia Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7385-4350-5. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.

britannica.com

"Gullah | language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved November 6, 2022.

bsbisynagogue.com

"Brith Sholom Beth Israel". Bsbisynagogue.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

buildingartscollege.us

"Welcome – American College of the Building Arts in Charleston, SC". Buildingartscollege.us. July 12, 2016. Archived from the original on February 17, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2017.

carealliance.com

"Roper St. Francis Healthcare | Bon Secours St. Francis Hospital". Archived from the original on April 20, 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2009.

carolana.com

Lewis, J.D. (2007). "Carolina – The Barbadian Settlers, et.al". www.carolana.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved January 6, 2018. Charles Town and surrounding areas were first settled by folks from Barbados and Bermuda

ccpl.org

Butler, Nic (August 9, 2019). "The Evolution of Charleston's Name". Charleston Time Machine (Podcast). Charleston County Public Library. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
"Parishes, Districts, and Counties in Early South Carolina". Charleston County Public Library. June 4, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2022.

census.gov

"QuickFacts: Charleston city, South Carolina". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
"Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2023". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 14, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
"Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1840". Archived from the original on April 20, 2008.
"U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2013.

www2.census.gov

United States Census Bureau (1909). "Population in the Colonial and Continental Periods" (PDF). A Century of Population Growth. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Charleston County, SC" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2024. - Text list
"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Berkeley County, SC" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2024. - Text list

data.census.gov

"P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Charleston city, South Carolina". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
"P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Charleston city, South Carolina". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
"P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Charleston city, South Carolina". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.

tigerweb.geo.census.gov

"ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.

api.census.gov

"Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.

charleston-sc.gov

Schultz, Rebecca, "The Seal of the City of Charleston", Official website, City of Charleston, archived from the original on May 4, 2013, retrieved December 9, 2010
"Annual Comprehensive Financial Reports". charleston-sc.gov. Charleston, South Carolina.

charlestonbusiness.com

"RiverDogs renew affiliation with Tampa Bay Rays". charlestonbusiness.com. December 11, 2020. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2020.

charlestoncity.info

"Century V City of Charleston Population 2010 Estimates" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011.

charlestoncitypaper.com

Lawrence, Stratton. "Charleston Conference to flood downtown with 1,600 bookworms". Charleston City Paper. Archived from the original on January 14, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2017.

charlestoncurrents.com

McCandless, Peter (2006). Edgar, Walter B. (ed.). Malaria. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2016.

charlestonfashionweek.com

theevents.charlestonfashionweek.com

"Lexus Charleston Fashion Week | The Events". theevents.charlestonfashionweek.com. Retrieved November 6, 2022.

charlestonfootprints.com

Trouche, Michael (January 28, 2014), "Enlightening Latin", Charleston Footprints, archived from the original on October 9, 2016, retrieved October 9, 2016

charlestonhurling.com

"Charleston Hurling Club". Charleston Hurling Club. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2015.

charlestonmarathon.com

"MLK Weekend • Marathon · Half Marathon · 5k · Youth Marathon · Bike Ride • Going the Distance for the Arts". Charleston Marathon. January 14, 2017. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2017.

charlestonrealtors.com

"Monthly Indicators" (PDF). Charleston Trident Association of REALTORS. June 2017. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2017.

charlestonsistercities.org

"Our Sister Cities". Charleston Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
"Panama City". Charleston Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2021.

charlestonspoleto.org

[1] Archived March 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

circularchurch.org

"A Brief History of the Circular Church". Circular Congregational Church. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

classical.net

Erb, Jane. "Porgy and Bess (1934)". Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2013.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

"Charleston, where 40% of all US slaves entered the country, finally apologizes for its role in the slave trade". CNN. June 19, 2018. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.

cofc.edu

ldhi.library.cofc.edu

"Settlement, Trade, and Conflicts in Colonial South Carolina", The James Poyas Daybook: An Account of a Charles Town Merchant, 1760–1765, Lowcountry Digital History Initiative, archived from the original on October 9, 2016, retrieved October 7, 2016

halsey.cofc.edu

"Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art". halsey.cofc.edu. Archived from the original on November 24, 2005. Retrieved May 30, 2018.

blogs.cofc.edu

"Charleston is Silicon Harbor". Charleston is Known As Silicon Harbor. November 18, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2022.

common-place-archives.org

"The Great Indian Slave Caper". Common-Place. Vol. III, no. 1. October 2002. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2022.

crda.org

"Automotive Industry in Charleston, SC - Auto Business". www.crda.org. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.

discoversouthcarolina.com

[3] Archived May 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

doi.org

Roberts, Justin (April 26, 2018). "Barbados in the Atlantic World". Atlantic History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199730414-0293. ISBN 978-0-19-973041-4. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2018.

dot.gov

bts.dot.gov

"Top 25 Water Ports by Containerized Cargo". USDOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics - Freight Facts and Figures Figure 3-11. October 13, 2020. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.

eastcoopermedctr.com

RC. "Compassionate Pregnancy & Child Birth Services – East Cooper Medical Center". Archived from the original on February 1, 2009.

emanuelamechurch.org

"'Mother Emanuel' A.M.E. Church History", Official website, Charleston: Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 2016, archived from the original on June 20, 2012, retrieved October 9, 2016

footlightplayers.net

"Footlight Players". Footlight Players. Retrieved November 6, 2022.

fsu.edu

diginole.lib.fsu.edu

"Jeffrey G. Strickland, Ethnicity And Race In The Urban South: German Immigrants And African-Americans In Charleston, South Carolina During Reconstruction, 2003, p. 11, Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations. Paper 1541". Archived from the original on October 28, 2014.

harvardmagazine.com

"A 'Portion of the People'", Harvard Magazine, Harvard University, archived from the original on January 15, 2007, retrieved August 1, 2006

hiltonheadmonthly.com

Evans, Clay Bonnyman (April 20, 2020). "Power Port". Hilton Head Monthly. Archived from the original on September 25, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.

historiccharleston.org

"Events – Historic Charleston Foundation". Historiccharleston.org. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2017.

history.com

""Porgy and Bess," the first great American opera, premieres on Broadway". HISTORY. Retrieved November 6, 2022.

huffingtonpost.com

Chau, Lisa (July 15, 2015). "Charleston, South Carolina Outpaces the Nation in Tech Growth". HuffingtonPost.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2017.

huguenotsociety.org

"History of the Huguenot Society". Huguenotsociety.org. Archived from the original on August 30, 2000. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

iaamuseum.org

History: Gadsden's Wharf Archived July 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, International African American Museum; accessed March 29, 2018

jenkinsinstitute.org

"Our History". jenkinsinstitute.org. Archived from the original on November 6, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2022.

jstor.org

Melinda Meeks Hennessy, "Racial Violence During Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy", South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 86, No. 2, (April 1985), 104–106 (subscription required) Archived September 28, 2018, at the Wayback Machine

kkbe.org

"Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim". Kkbe.org. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

ksla.com

"Investigation examining Charleston firefighters' handling of deadly blaze". Ksla.com. June 19, 2007. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

loc.gov

lcweb2.loc.gov

Collector, Senator Ernest F. Hollings-- (2000). "Dock Street Theatre". lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved November 6, 2022.

webarchive.loc.gov

"Brith Sholom Beth Israel". Bsbisynagogue.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

lowcountrywalkingtours.com

"Why is Charleston Called the Holy City?". Low Country Walking Tours. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2020.

magoda.com

"The $540 Million Super-Strong, Robust Cable-Stayed Bridge In Charleston | Manufacturing America". March 2, 2015. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.

maritime-executive.com

"Charleston Opens First New U.S. Container Terminal in 12 Years". The Maritime Executive. April 9, 2021. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021.

masonprep.org

"Private School Charleston SC – Mason Preparatory School". Masonprep.org. May 24, 2017. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2017.

moretimetotravel.com

Levine, Irene S. (December 16, 2021). "The Cuisine of Charleston: A Unique Mix of History And Geography". More Time to Travel. Retrieved November 6, 2022.

morganquitno.com

"Morgan Quitno Press". www.morganquitno.com. Retrieved November 6, 2022.

naco.org

"Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

navy.mil

history.navy.mil

"H. L. Hunley, Confederate Submarine". History.navy.mil. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

nbcnews.com

Johnson, M. Alex (June 17, 2015). "'This Was a Hate Crime': Nine People Killed at Historic South Carolina Church". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2015.

newrepublic.com

Egerton, Douglas R. (June 18, 2015), "The Long, Troubled History of Charleston's Emanuel AME Church", The New Republic, ISSN 0028-6583, archived from the original on June 19, 2015, retrieved March 6, 2017

noaa.gov

ncei.noaa.gov

"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 5, 2021.

nobelprize.org

"Robert F. Furchgott – Facts". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on June 12, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2017.

northcharleston.org

"Search Results for "Naval Base History" – City of North Charleston, SC". Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2018.

nytimes.com

Michael Kimmelman, "Charleston Needs That African American Museum. And Now." Archived March 29, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, March 29, 2018; accessed March 29, 2018
Gomez, Melissa (June 19, 2018). "Charleston Apologizes for City's Role in Slave Trade". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
Weisman, Jonathan (June 18, 2015). "Killings Add a Painful Chapter to Storied History of Charleston Church". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 2, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2015.

oldslavemartmuseum.com

"Old Slave Mart Museum". www.oldslavemartmuseum.com/. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.

ouest-france.fr

GUÉGAN, Nicolas (May 20, 2022). "Flers. Le jumelage avec Charleston, en Caroline du Sud, officialisé". Ouest-France.fr.

oxfordbibliographies.com

Roberts, Justin (April 26, 2018). "Barbados in the Atlantic World". Atlantic History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199730414-0293. ISBN 978-0-19-973041-4. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2018.

planning.org

"Waterfront Park: Charleston, South Carolina". www.planning.org. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2016.

postandcourier.com

David Slade, "RACIAL SHIFT: Charleston peninsula's makeup reverses in 30 years, with blacks leaving for suburbs, area becoming two-thirds white" Archived May 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Post and Courier, March 28, 2011; accessed November 10, 2016
Wren, David (January 13, 2020). "Volvo to build Charleston-area battery plant to power SC-made vehicles". Post and Courier. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
Novelly, Thomas (July 20, 2020). "Coast Guard's North Charleston base and Mount Pleasant JROTC program get federal support". Post & Courier. Charleston, South Carolina. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
"Newer, larger Carnival Sunshine to call Charleston home beginning in 2019". postandcourier.com. December 7, 2017. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
"Charleston drops in TV market pecking order". Archived from the original on September 9, 2010. Retrieved September 8, 2010.

powerofattorneycalifornia.net

"California Power of Attorney | Providing POA Forms for California". powerofattorneycalifornia.net. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012.
"California Power of Attorney | Providing POA Forms for California". powerofattorneycalifornia.net. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012.

pqarchiver.com

pqasb.pqarchiver.com

Jinkins, Shirley (February 23, 1997). "Charleston S.C. has had a long and turbulent history, but a remarkable number of its buildings have survived". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.

procontentanddesign.com

tvstations.procontentanddesign.com

"Television station listings in Charleston, South Carolina – Total station FCC filings found". Archived from the original on July 15, 2011.

rcc-acis.org

scacis.rcc-acis.org

"SC ACIS". Applied Climate Information System. Retrieved May 29, 2021.

richmond.edu

historyengine.richmond.edu

"History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research | Episodes". Historyengine.richmond.edu. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2017.

ridetricountylink.com

"TriCounty Link rural bus service with flagstop system serving Berkeley, Charleston and Dorchester counties of South Carolina". Ridetricountylink.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

ropersaintfrancis.com

Messmer, Carly. "Charleston Hospital – Roper Hospital – Roper St. Francis – Roper St. Francis". Ropersaintfrancis.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2005.

sc.edu

Hubbert, Julie. "Jenkins Orphanage". Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2013.

scdot.org

info2.scdot.org

"General Highway System Berkeley County South Carolina" (PDF). South Carolina Department of Transportation. April 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2024.

scencyclopedia.org

Adams, Rhett A. (May 17, 2016). "Freemasonry". South Carolina Encyclopedia. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2019.

sciway.net

"Jenkins Orphanage Band - Charleston, South Carolina". www.sciway.net. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
"Charleston SC Music: Full Guide to Symphonies, Bands, Singers, and Musicians". www.sciway.net. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
"South Carolina Car and Automotive Manufacturers". www.sciway.net. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
"Barbados: South Carolina's Mother Colony". Sciway.net. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

scottishritecalifornia.org

"Charleston Time Line". Archived from the original on August 6, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2007.

screconstruction.org

Reconstruction as Armed Insurgency: Cainhoy Archived November 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, South Carolina during Reconstruction, 2010–2012, accessed October 27, 2014

scspa.com

"Harbor Deepening". South Carolina Ports. October 13, 2020. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
"Charleston has deepest harbor on East Coast at 52 feet". South Carolina Ports. December 5, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2024.

sewe.com

"Southeastern Wildlife Exposition 2017". Sewe.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2017.

theatrecharleston.com

"Theatre Charleston". theatrecharleston.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2015.

tridenthealthsystem.com

[2]^{[dead link‍]}

usatoday.com

Swartz, Jon (July 29, 2017). "Silicon Harbor has become a tech landing spot for some weary city dwellers". USA TODAY. Retrieved July 6, 2022.

usdeadlyevents.com

"1713 – Sep 16–17, Hurricane, Charleston and vicinity, South Carolina – 70 – Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-of-Life Events". www.usdeadlyevents.com. September 1713. Archived from the original on November 14, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

usgs.gov

geonames.usgs.gov

"US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2016.

uvindextoday.com

"Historical UV Index Data - Charleston, SC". UV Index Today. Retrieved April 23, 2023.

va.gov

charleston.va.gov

"Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center". Charleston.va.gov. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2017.

virginia.edu

xroads.virginia.edu

"A Charleston Love Story". Xroads.virginia.edu. October 17, 2000. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2017.

washingtonpost.com

Bever, Lindsey; Costa, Robert (June 17, 2015). "9 dead in shooting at historic Charleston African American church. Police chief calls it 'hate crime.'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2015.

weather.gov

"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 5, 2021.

web.archive.org

"Why is Charleston Called the Holy City?". Low Country Walking Tours. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
Trouche, Michael (January 28, 2014), "Enlightening Latin", Charleston Footprints, archived from the original on October 9, 2016, retrieved October 9, 2016
Schultz, Rebecca, "The Seal of the City of Charleston", Official website, City of Charleston, archived from the original on May 4, 2013, retrieved December 9, 2010
"US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
"Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
"Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1840". Archived from the original on April 20, 2008.
Michael Kimmelman, "Charleston Needs That African American Museum. And Now." Archived March 29, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, March 29, 2018; accessed March 29, 2018
"Charleston, where 40% of all US slaves entered the country, finally apologizes for its role in the slave trade". CNN. June 19, 2018. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
Lewis, J.D. (2007). "Carolina – The Barbadian Settlers, et.al". www.carolana.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved January 6, 2018. Charles Town and surrounding areas were first settled by folks from Barbados and Bermuda
Roberts, Justin (April 26, 2018). "Barbados in the Atlantic World". Atlantic History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199730414-0293. ISBN 978-0-19-973041-4. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
"Charleston Time Line". Archived from the original on August 6, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2007.
"A Charleston Love Story". Xroads.virginia.edu. October 17, 2000. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
McCandless, Peter (2006). Edgar, Walter B. (ed.). Malaria. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
"A Brief History of the Circular Church". Circular Congregational Church. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
"1713 – Sep 16–17, Hurricane, Charleston and vicinity, South Carolina – 70 – Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-of-Life Events". www.usdeadlyevents.com. September 1713. Archived from the original on November 14, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
"A 'Portion of the People'", Harvard Magazine, Harvard University, archived from the original on January 15, 2007, retrieved August 1, 2006
Michael P. Johnson; James L. Roark (1986). Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-393-24548-6. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
History: Gadsden's Wharf Archived July 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, International African American Museum; accessed March 29, 2018
"Settlement, Trade, and Conflicts in Colonial South Carolina", The James Poyas Daybook: An Account of a Charles Town Merchant, 1760–1765, Lowcountry Digital History Initiative, archived from the original on October 9, 2016, retrieved October 7, 2016
"The Great Indian Slave Caper". Common-Place. Vol. III, no. 1. October 2002. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
Opala, Joseph A. (2016), "South Carolina Rice Plantations" (PDF), The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection, New Haven: Yale University Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition, archived from the original on October 6, 2015, retrieved October 7, 2016
Sullivan, Mark, ed. (2015), "Building Boom", Charleston, with Hilton Head and the Lowcountry, 4th ed., New York: Fodor's Travel, p. 59, archived from the original on June 17, 2022, retrieved August 25, 2017
"Row over Statue to Bermudian's Slave", Bernews, January 3, 2011, archived from the original on October 9, 2013, retrieved November 10, 2013
Curtis, Nancy C. (1996), "Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church", Black Heritage Sites: An African American Odyssey and Finder's Guide, Chicago: American Library Association, ISBN 978-0-838-90643-9, OCLC 45885630, archived from the original on May 6, 2016, retrieved August 25, 2017
Egerton, Douglas R. (June 18, 2015), "The Long, Troubled History of Charleston's Emanuel AME Church", The New Republic, ISSN 0028-6583, archived from the original on June 19, 2015, retrieved March 6, 2017
"'Mother Emanuel' A.M.E. Church History", Official website, Charleston: Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 2016, archived from the original on June 20, 2012, retrieved October 9, 2016
"History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research | Episodes". Historyengine.richmond.edu. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
"H. L. Hunley, Confederate Submarine". History.navy.mil. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
"Jeffrey G. Strickland, Ethnicity And Race In The Urban South: German Immigrants And African-Americans In Charleston, South Carolina During Reconstruction, 2003, p. 11, Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations. Paper 1541". Archived from the original on October 28, 2014.
Thomas Holt, Black Over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina During Reconstruction Archived January 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, University of Illinois Press, 1979, p.43
Melinda Meeks Hennessy, "Racial Violence During Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy", South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 86, No. 2, (April 1985), 104–106 (subscription required) Archived September 28, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
Reconstruction as Armed Insurgency: Cainhoy Archived November 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, South Carolina during Reconstruction, 2010–2012, accessed October 27, 2014
"Century V City of Charleston Population 2010 Estimates" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011.
"Search Results for "Naval Base History" – City of North Charleston, SC". Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
David Slade, "RACIAL SHIFT: Charleston peninsula's makeup reverses in 30 years, with blacks leaving for suburbs, area becoming two-thirds white" Archived May 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Post and Courier, March 28, 2011; accessed November 10, 2016
Bever, Lindsey; Costa, Robert (June 17, 2015). "9 dead in shooting at historic Charleston African American church. Police chief calls it 'hate crime.'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
Johnson, M. Alex (June 17, 2015). "'This Was a Hate Crime': Nine People Killed at Historic South Carolina Church". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
Gomez, Melissa (June 19, 2018). "Charleston Apologizes for City's Role in Slave Trade". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
"U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
United States Census Bureau (1909). "Population in the Colonial and Continental Periods" (PDF). A Century of Population Growth. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
"History of the Huguenot Society". Huguenotsociety.org. Archived from the original on August 30, 2000. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Weisman, Jonathan (June 18, 2015). "Killings Add a Painful Chapter to Storied History of Charleston Church". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 2, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
"Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim". Kkbe.org. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Adams, Rhett A. (May 17, 2016). "Freemasonry". South Carolina Encyclopedia. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
[1] Archived March 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
"Events – Historic Charleston Foundation". Historiccharleston.org. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
"MLK Weekend • Marathon · Half Marathon · 5k · Youth Marathon · Bike Ride • Going the Distance for the Arts". Charleston Marathon. January 14, 2017. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
"Southeastern Wildlife Exposition 2017". Sewe.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
"Charleston International Film Festival". Charlestoniff.org. May 18, 2017. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Lawrence, Stratton. "Charleston Conference to flood downtown with 1,600 bookworms". Charleston City Paper. Archived from the original on January 14, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
McCray, Jack (June 6, 2007). Charleston Jazz. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 11, 12. ISBN 978-0-7385-4350-5. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
McCray, Jack (June 6, 2007). Charleston Jazz. Arcadia Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7385-4350-5. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
"Our History". jenkinsinstitute.org. Archived from the original on November 6, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
Hubbert, Julie. "Jenkins Orphanage". Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
Erb, Jane. "Porgy and Bess (1934)". Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
"Theatre Charleston". theatrecharleston.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
"Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art". halsey.cofc.edu. Archived from the original on November 24, 2005. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
"Old Slave Mart Museum". www.oldslavemartmuseum.com/. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
"Waterfront Park: Charleston, South Carolina". www.planning.org. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
"Charleston Hurling Club". Charleston Hurling Club. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
"RiverDogs renew affiliation with Tampa Bay Rays". charlestonbusiness.com. December 11, 2020. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
"Top 25 Water Ports by Containerized Cargo". USDOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics - Freight Facts and Figures Figure 3-11. October 13, 2020. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
"Volvo shows off its new car plant in South Carolina". Autoblog. June 20, 2018. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
Wren, David (January 13, 2020). "Volvo to build Charleston-area battery plant to power SC-made vehicles". Post and Courier. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
"Automotive Industry in Charleston, SC - Auto Business". www.crda.org. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
"South Carolina Car and Automotive Manufacturers". www.sciway.net. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
Chau, Lisa (July 15, 2015). "Charleston, South Carolina Outpaces the Nation in Tech Growth". HuffingtonPost.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
"Monthly Indicators" (PDF). Charleston Trident Association of REALTORS. June 2017. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
"Investigation examining Charleston firefighters' handling of deadly blaze". Ksla.com. June 19, 2007. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
"California Power of Attorney | Providing POA Forms for California". powerofattorneycalifornia.net. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012.
"California Power of Attorney | Providing POA Forms for California". powerofattorneycalifornia.net. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012.
"Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center". Charleston.va.gov. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Messmer, Carly. "Charleston Hospital – Roper Hospital – Roper St. Francis – Roper St. Francis". Ropersaintfrancis.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2005.
"Roper St. Francis Healthcare | Bon Secours St. Francis Hospital". Archived from the original on April 20, 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
RC. "Compassionate Pregnancy & Child Birth Services – East Cooper Medical Center". Archived from the original on February 1, 2009.
Evans, Clay Bonnyman (April 20, 2020). "Power Port". Hilton Head Monthly. Archived from the original on September 25, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
"The $540 Million Super-Strong, Robust Cable-Stayed Bridge In Charleston | Manufacturing America". March 2, 2015. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
"TriCounty Link rural bus service with flagstop system serving Berkeley, Charleston and Dorchester counties of South Carolina". Ridetricountylink.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
"Charleston Opens First New U.S. Container Terminal in 12 Years". The Maritime Executive. April 9, 2021. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
"Harbor Deepening". South Carolina Ports. October 13, 2020. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
"Newer, larger Carnival Sunshine to call Charleston home beginning in 2019". postandcourier.com. December 7, 2017. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
"Private School Charleston SC – Mason Preparatory School". Masonprep.org. May 24, 2017. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
"Welcome – American College of the Building Arts in Charleston, SC". Buildingartscollege.us. July 12, 2016. Archived from the original on February 17, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
"Charleston drops in TV market pecking order". Archived from the original on September 9, 2010. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
"Television station listings in Charleston, South Carolina – Total station FCC filings found". Archived from the original on July 15, 2011.
"Robert F. Furchgott – Facts". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on June 12, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
"Our Sister Cities". Charleston Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
"Panama City". Charleston Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
[3] Archived May 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
"Barbados: South Carolina's Mother Colony". Sciway.net. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

EB (1911), p. 944. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Charleston (South Carolina)" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 943–945
EB (1878), p. 429. Dallas, William Leist Eneas Sweetland (1878), "Charleston" , in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 428–429
EB (1878), p. 428. Dallas, William Leist Eneas Sweetland (1878), "Charleston" , in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 428–429
EB (1911), p. 943. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Charleston (South Carolina)" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 943–945

wiktionary.org

en.wiktionary.org

The female figure is sometimes glossed as Athena,^[2] although the official explanation is that she is a personification of Charleston itself.^[3] Similarly, although aedes properly refers to temples and originally referred to the churches depicted on the seal, the official gloss is that it intends the city's "buildings".

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Curtis, Nancy C. (1996), "Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church", Black Heritage Sites: An African American Odyssey and Finder's Guide, Chicago: American Library Association, ISBN 978-0-838-90643-9, OCLC 45885630, archived from the original on May 6, 2016, retrieved August 25, 2017
Egerton, Douglas R. (June 18, 2015), "The Long, Troubled History of Charleston's Emanuel AME Church", The New Republic, ISSN 0028-6583, archived from the original on June 19, 2015, retrieved March 6, 2017

yale.edu

glc.yale.edu

Opala, Joseph A. (2016), "South Carolina Rice Plantations" (PDF), The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection, New Haven: Yale University Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition, archived from the original on October 6, 2015, retrieved October 7, 2016